{"id":1298,"date":"2015-08-20T03:15:39","date_gmt":"2015-08-20T01:15:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/?p=1298"},"modified":"2018-10-27T23:17:59","modified_gmt":"2018-10-27T21:17:59","slug":"comment-jai-prolonge-les-travaux-de-galilee%e2%80%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2015\/08\/20\/comment-jai-prolonge-les-travaux-de-galilee%e2%80%af\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment j\u2019ai prolong\u00e9 les travaux de Galil\u00e9e\u202f!"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure style=\"width: 3072px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wimereux_Spring_Tide.jpg\" title=\"L\u2019image sur Wikimedia Commons\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4e\/Wimereux_Spring_Tide.jpg\" width=\"3072\" height=\"2304\" alt=\"Grande mar\u00e9e \u00e0 Wimereux\" class \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grande mar\u00e9e \u00e0 Wimereux (d\u00e9partement du Pas-de-Calais, France) \u2013 photo de Marc <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ryckaert<\/span> sous contrat <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\" title=\"CC\u00a0BY\u00a03.0\" target=\"_blank\">CC\u00a0BY\u00a03.0<\/a> via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wimereux_Spring_Tide.jpg\" title=\"Wikimedia Commons\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2015\/07\/28\/si-les-freres-bogdanoff-etaient-en-orbite-cela-aurait-il-une-influence-sur-pluton%e2%80%af\/\" title=\"Si les Bogdanoff \u00e9taient en orbite, cela aurait-il une influence sur Pluton\u202f?\">Je l\u2019ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 mentionn\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0: il serait tout de m\u00eame temps que je pr\u00e9sente les sujets auxquels je m\u2019int\u00e9resse dans mes travaux. Comme j\u2019ai pu l\u2019indiquer \u00e0 la <a href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/\" title=\"Page d\u2019accueil\">page d\u2019accueil<\/a> de ce site et comme on peut le d\u00e9duire \u00e0 partir de mon <a href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/cv\/\" title=\"CV\">CV<\/a>, mes domaines de comp\u00e9tences sont les math\u00e9matiques appliqu\u00e9es et l\u2019informatique th\u00e9orique. Mon champ d\u2019application est l\u2019oc\u00e9anographie physique. Concr\u00e8tement, je reproduis sur ordinateur le fonctionnement des oc\u00e9ans.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, l\u2019\u00e9tude de la dynamique des oc\u00e9ans, m\u00eame si elle constitue une discipline toujours en \u00e9volution, a une longue histoire. Les \u00e9l\u00e9ments les plus anciens que j\u2019ai pu relever remontent \u00e0 l\u2019antiquit\u00e9 et le premier sujet de dynamique oc\u00e9anique \u00e9tudi\u00e9 y est la mar\u00e9e. Je me propose de vous pr\u00e9senter cette histoire ici. Une grande part des informations que vous trouverez ici provient de <em>La Mar\u00e9e oc\u00e9anique c\u00f4ti\u00e8re<\/em> de Bernard\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Simon<\/span><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Bernard <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Simon<\/span>, 2007. <em>La Mar\u00e9e oc\u00e9anique c\u00f4ti\u00e8re<\/em>, collection \u00ab\u202fSynth\u00e8ses\u202f\u00bb, Institut oc\u00e9anographique \u00e9diteur.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Le texte qui suit constitue en la reprise d\u2019une partie de l\u2019introduction de <a href=\"https:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-00494238\" title=\"Ma th\u00e8se de doctorat\" target=\"_blank\">ma th\u00e8se de doctorat<\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Yoann\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Le\u00a0Bars<\/span>, 2010. <em>Mod\u00e9lisation de la dynamique oc\u00e9anique barotrope dans l\u2019estuaire et le plateau amazoniens<\/em>, th\u00e8se de doctorat, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse III \u2013 Paul\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Sabatier<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Cette th\u00e8se portait sur la mise au point d\u2019un mod\u00e8le d\u2019oc\u00e9an et son application \u00e0 l\u2019estuaire de l\u2019Amazone, je ne pr\u00e9tends donc pas avoir r\u00e9alis\u00e9 une \u00e9tude historique d\u00e9finitive\u00a0: ce qui suit constitue un r\u00e9sum\u00e9, certes d\u00e9taill\u00e9, mais avec toutes les limites de cet exercice.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>Les premi\u00e8res observations<\/h2>\n<p>Quoique <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hom%C3%A8re\" title=\"Hom\u00e8re\" target=\"_blank\">Hom\u00e8re<\/a> (fin du <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">viii<\/span><sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle avant J\u00e9sus-Christ) y fasse allusion, \u00e0 ma connaissance l\u2019un des premiers auteurs mentionnant r\u00e9ellement la mar\u00e9e dont nous ayons gard\u00e9 une trace est <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%A9rodote\" title=\"H\u00e9rodote\" target=\"_blank\">H\u00e9rodote<\/a> (vers 484 ou 482 \u2013 vers 425 av. J.-C.). Il parle de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation et de l\u2019abaissement journalier des eaux de la <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mer_Rouge\" title=\"La Mer rouge\" target=\"_blank\">Mer\u00a0rouge<\/a>, sans donner plus de d\u00e9tails. Dans le dialogue de <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Platon\" title=\"Platon\" target=\"_blank\">Platon<\/a> (428 ou 427 \u2013 347 ou 346 av. J.-C.) intitul\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tim%C3%A9e_%28Platon%29\" title=\"Tim\u00e9e\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Tim\u00e9e<\/em><\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u03a0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, vers 360\u00a0av.\u00a0J.-C. <em>\u03a4\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>. Une version fran\u00e7aise peut-\u00eatre trouv\u00e9e dans\u00a0: Luc <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Brisson<\/span>, 2008. <em>Platon\u00a0: \u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes<\/em>, \u00c9ditions Flammarion. <a href=\"http:\/\/ugo.bratelli.free.fr\/Platon\/Platon-Timee.htm\" title=\"Texte complet du Tim\u00e9e\" target=\"_blank\">Consultable en ligne<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, la mar\u00e9e est expliqu\u00e9e par la pouss\u00e9e des masses d\u2019eaux oc\u00e9aniques induite par les crues des fleuves et des rivi\u00e8res. <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%A9raclide_du_Pont\" title=\"H\u00e9raclide\u00a0du\u00a0pont\" target=\"_blank\">H\u00e9raclide\u00a0du\u00a0pont<\/a> (388 \u2013 vers 310 av. J.-C.), pour sa part, suppose que la Lune et le Soleil sont \u00e0 l'origine des mar\u00e9es. Un auteur inconnu \u00e9crivant sous le nom d\u2019Aristote, quant \u00e0 lui, dans <em>Du\u00a0Monde<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, entre 350 et 200 av. J.C. <em>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76\u00a0\u039a\u1f79\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/em>. Une version fran\u00e7aise peut \u00eatre trouv\u00e9e dans\u00a0: Charles\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Batteux<\/span>, 1768. <em>Lettre d\u2019Aristote \u00e0 Alexandre, sur le syst\u00eame du monde, avec la traduction fran\u00e7oise & des remarques, par M. l'abb\u00e9 Batteux<\/em>, \u00c0 Paris, chez Saillant. <a href=\"http:\/\/remacle.org\/bloodwolf\/philosophes\/Aristote\/monde.htm\" title=\"Texte complet de Du\u00a0Monde\" target=\"_blank\">Consultable en ligne<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, note que la mar\u00e9e suit le mouvement de la Lune.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 1964px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg\" title=\"L\u2019image sur Wikimedia\u00a0Commons\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/83\/Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg\" width=\"1964\" height=\"3146\" alt=\"Statue de Pyth\u00e9as\" class \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Statue de Pyth\u00e9as r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par Auguste\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ottin<\/span> (1811 \u2013 1890) et plac\u00e9e sur la fa\u00e7ade du palais de la Bourse \u00e0 Marseille \u2013 photo de Rvalette sous contrat <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\" title=\"CC\u00a0BY-SA\u00a03.0\" target=\"_blank\">CC\u00a0BY-SA\u00a03.0<\/a>, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg\" title=\"Wikimedia\u00a0Commons\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia\u00a0Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Cependant, \u00e0 mon sens l\u2019\u00e9tude de la dynamique oc\u00e9anique ne commence vraiment que vers 330 avant J\u00e9sus-Christ. <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyth%C3%A9as\" title=\"Pyth\u00e9as\" target=\"_blank\">Pyth\u00e9as<\/a> quitte alors la colonie grecque Massilia, future Marseille, pour un long voyage vers les \u00eeles britanniques (il va m\u00eame vraisemblablement atteindre le cercle polaire). L\u00e0-bas, il observa des mar\u00e9es d\u2019amplitudes insoup\u00e7onn\u00e9es dans le monde m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en. Non seulement il constata qu\u2019il y avait deux pleines et basses mers par jour lunaire, mais \u00e9galement que l\u2019amplitude de la mar\u00e9e d\u00e9pendait des phases de la Lune. Malheureusement, il ne reste que peu d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments du r\u00e9cit de voyage de Pyth\u00e9as. Le livre <em>De\u00a0l\u2019Oc\u00e9an<\/em> qu\u2019il a \u00e9crit \u00e0 son retour ayant disparu, seules subsistent les analyses d\u2019historiens et de g\u00e9ographes de l\u2019\u00e9poque, tels <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polybe\" title=\"Polybe\" target=\"_blank\">Polybe<\/a> (entre 210 et 202 \u2013 126 av. J.-C.) ou <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89ratosth%C3%A8ne\" title=\"\u00c9ratosth\u00e8ne\" target=\"_blank\">\u00c9ratosth\u00e8ne<\/a> (vers 276 \u2013 vers 194 av. J.-C.).<\/p>\n<p>C\u2019est \u00e0-peu-pr\u00e8s \u00e0 la m\u00eame \u00e9poque que S\u00e9lerrens\u00a0de\u00a0Babylone observait les mar\u00e9es du golfe Persique et signalait les effets de la <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%A9clinaison_%28astronomie%29\" title=\"D\u00e9clinaison\" target=\"_blank\">d\u00e9clinaison des astres<\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">La d\u00e9clinaison est l\u2019angle mesur\u00e9 sur un cercle horaire entre un point de la sph\u00e8re c\u00e9leste et l\u2019\u00e9quateur c\u00e9leste.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> sur l\u2019amplitude de la mar\u00e9e. Quelque 150 ans plus tard, l\u2019astronome grec Selukos (entre 358 et 354 \u2013 281 av. J.-C.), observant la mar\u00e9e de la Mer\u00a0Rouge, d\u00e9couvrit les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s diurnes et relia leur amplitude \u00e0 la d\u00e9clinaison de la Lune.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 873px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Strabo.jpg\" title=\"L\u2019image sur Wikimedia\u00a0Commons\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ed\/Strabo.jpg\" width=\"873\" height=\"1056\" alt=\"Strabon\" class \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Strabon d\u2019Amas\u00e9e, gravure du <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">xvi<\/span><sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle \u2013 image du domaine public fournie par Brian\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Boru<\/span> via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Strabo.jpg\" title=\"Wikimedia\u00a0Common\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ensuite, au premier si\u00e8cle avant J\u00e9sus-Christ, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Posidonios\" title=\"Posidonios\" target=\"_blank\">Posidonios\u00a0d\u2019Apam\u00e9e<\/a> (vers 135 \u2013 vers 51 av. J.-C.) \u00e9tablit pour les mar\u00e9es des c\u00f4tes d\u2019Espagne un tableau donnant la concordance de leurs variations diurnes, semi-diurnes et mensuelles avec les mouvements de la Lune et du Soleil. <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strabon\" title=\"Strabon\" target=\"_blank\">Strabon<\/a> (vers 57 av. J.-C \u2013 entre 21 et 25 ap. J.-C.), au d\u00e9but de l\u2019\u00e8re chr\u00e9tienne, d\u00e9crit les mar\u00e9es du Portugal, d\u2019Angleterre, du Danemark, d\u2019Italie et du Golfe Persique<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03d0\u03c9\u03bd. <em>\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/em>, 17 volumes.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Il est celui qui s\u2019int\u00e9resse le plus au voyage de Pyth\u00e9as. Il en est \u00e9galement le principal d\u00e9tracteur, concluant qu\u2019il s\u2019agit d'un fabulateur, car il jugeait notamment peu cr\u00e9dible le fait que la mer p\u00fbt \u00eatre gel\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 178px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Plinyelder.jpg\" title=\"L\u2019image sur Wikimedia\u00a0Common\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/37\/Plinyelder.jpg\" width=\"178\" height=\"238\" alt=\"Pline l\u2019ancien\" class \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portrait imaginaire de Pline\u00a0l\u2019ancien d\u2019apr\u00e8s une encyclop\u00e9die du <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">xix<\/span><sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/\" title=\"Biblioth\u00e8que du Congr\u00e8s\" target=\"_blank\">Biblioth\u00e8que du Congr\u00e8s<\/a>) \u2013 image du domaine public, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Plinyelder.jpg\" title=\"Wikimedia\u00a0Common\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia\u00a0Common<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Vers la m\u00eame \u00e9poque, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pline_l%27Ancien\" title=\"Pline\u00a0l\u2019ancien\" target=\"_blank\">Pline\u00a0l\u2019ancien<\/a> (23 \u2013 79 ap. J.-C.), autre lecteur de Pyth\u00e9as, dans <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histoire_naturelle_%28Pline_l%27Ancien%29\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Histoire\u00a0naturelle<\/em><\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gaius Plinius Secundus, vers 77. <em>Naturalis\u00a0Historia<\/em>, 37 volumes. Une version fran\u00e7aise peut-\u00eatre trouv\u00e9e dans\u00a0: Pline\u00a0l\u2019Ancien, 2013. <em>Histoire\u00a0naturelle<\/em>, Biblioth\u00e8que de la Pl\u00e9iade, n\u00b0\u00a0593, Gallimard. <a href=\"http:\/\/remacle.org\/bloodwolf\/erudits\/plineancien\/index.htm\" title=\"Histoire\u00a0naturelle\" target=\"_blank\">Disponible en ligne dans la traduction de Littr\u00e9<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, mentionne l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89tablissement_du_port\" title=\"\u00c9tablissement\" target=\"_blank\">\u00e9tablissement<\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L\u2019\u00e9tablissement est le retard moyen en un lieu donn\u00e9 de la pleine mer sur l\u2019instant de passage de la Lune au m\u00e9ridien de ce lieu.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, l\u2019\u00e2ge de la mar\u00e9e, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le retard des vives-eaux sur le moment de la syzygie (pleine-lune ou nouvelle lune), \u00ab\u202fles ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes c\u00e9lestes faisant toujours sentir leurs effets \u00e0 la Terre avec du retard sur la vue, comme l\u2019\u00e9clair, le tonnerre ou la foudre\u202f\u00bb, ainsi que les variations annuelles de l\u2019amplitude des vives-eaux. Pour lui, le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de mar\u00e9e trouve son origine dans le Soleil et la Lune :<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab\u202fSur la nature des eaux, enfin, beaucoup a d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 dit, mais cette avance et le retrait des flots sont les plus extraordinaires\u202f; cependant si ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne offre beaucoup de vari\u00e9t\u00e9, sa cause r\u00e9side dans le Soleil et dans la Lune.\u202f\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Il observe deux mar\u00e9es par jour\u00a0:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab\u202fEntre deux levers de la Lune, la mer monte deux fois et redescend deux fois dans chaque intervalle de 24 heures.\u202f\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Enfin, il fait le constat que la mar\u00e9e n\u2019est pas exactement semi-diurne\u00a0:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab\u202fJamais les mar\u00e9es ne se reproduisent au m\u00eame moment que le jour pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, comme si elles haletaient par la faute de l\u2019astre avide qui attire \u00e0 lui les mers pour s\u2019abreuver.\u202f\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ainsi, il y a deux mill\u00e9naires, les caract\u00e9ristiques les plus importantes de la mar\u00e9e \u00e9taient connues, gr\u00e2ce en particulier aux observations des Grecs dans les \u00eeles britanniques et en Mer Rouge. Il fallut pourtant attendre quelque chose comme 1\u202f700\u00a0ans avant qu\u2019une explication satisfaisante f\u00fbt donn\u00e9e \u00e0 ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne. Au cours de cette p\u00e9riode, divers auteurs ont tent\u00e9 d\u2019expliquer les mar\u00e9es, avec plus ou moins de bonheur.<\/p>\n<h2>Les premi\u00e8res th\u00e9ories<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augustin_d%27Hippone\" title=\"Augustin\u00a0d\u2019Hippone\" target=\"_blank\">Augustin\u00a0d\u2019Hippone<\/a> (354 \u2013 430), dans ses \u0153uvres philosophiques, tente une explication des mar\u00e9es au travers d\u2019une interpr\u00e9tation de la G\u00e9n\u00e8se. <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B%C3%A8de_le_V%C3%A9n%C3%A9rable\" title=\"B\u00e8de\u00a0le\u00a0v\u00e9n\u00e9rable\" title=\"\" target=\"_blank\">B\u00e8de\u00a0le\u00a0v\u00e9n\u00e9rable<\/a> (673 \u2013 735), un moine britannique, pensait quant \u00e0 lui que le jusant<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Le jusant est la p\u00e9riode o\u00f9 la mar\u00e9e est   descendante.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> \u00e9tait d\u00fb au souffle de la Lune sur l\u2019eau, le flot intervenant lorsque l\u2019astre s\u2019\u00e9loignait<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Beda\u00a0Venerabilis, 725. <em>De temporum ratione<\/em>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Toutefois, le christianisme du moyen-\u00e2ge n\u2019\u00e9tait pas propice aux \u00e9tudes scientifiques de la nature, car tout \u00e9cart de l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation officielle de la Bible et donc de l\u2019explication selon laquelle le Monde est monde \u00e9tait rapidement soup\u00e7onn\u00e9e d\u2019h\u00e9r\u00e9sie.<\/p>\n<p>Le savant arabe <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-Qazwini\" title=\"al-Qwazwini\" target=\"_blank\">Zakar\u012by\u0101\u00a0ibn\u00a0Mu\u1e25ammad\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">al-Qwazwini<\/span><\/a> (1203 \u2013 1283), tenta la premi\u00e8re explication scientifique. Selon lui, la mar\u00e9e montante \u00e9tait due \u00e0 l\u2019expansion thermique de l\u2019eau \u00e9chauff\u00e9e par la Lune et le Soleil. Son hypoth\u00e8se cependant ne pouvait \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9vidence pas expliquer pourquoi la Lune jouait le r\u00f4le le plus important.<\/p>\n<p>Au <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">xiii<\/span><sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_d%27Aquin\" title=\"Thomas\u00a0d\u2019Aquin\" target=\"_blank\">Thomas\u00a0d\u2019Aquin<\/a> (vers 1225 \u2013 1274) tente de r\u00e9concilier les sciences et la religion\u00a0: \u00ab\u202fles chr\u00e9tiens n\u2019ont pas \u00e0 craindre la philosophie pa\u00efenne, car toute \u00e9tude de la nature est l\u2019\u00e9tude d\u2019une \u0153uvre de Dieu\u202f\u00bb. Lui-m\u00eame attribut l\u2019origine des mar\u00e9es \u00e0 la Lune. En bon aristot\u00e9licien, il l\u2019explique par le principe de sympathie entre les corps\u00a0: l\u2019eau de la Lune attire l\u2019eau de la Terre.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019astronome allemand <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johannes_Kepler\" title=\"Johannes\u00a0Kepler\" target=\"_blank\">Johannes\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Kepler<\/span><\/a> (1571 \u2013 1630) \u00e9tait convaincu que l\u2019explication de la mar\u00e9e devait \u00eatre recherch\u00e9e dans une force attractive de la Lune et du Soleil, force qui devait \u00eatre une sorte de magn\u00e9tisme. Il \u00e9tait probablement inspir\u00e9 par la r\u00e9cente d\u00e9couverte du magn\u00e9tisme terrestre par le physicien britannique William\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gilbert<\/span> (1544 \u2013 1603). Cette explication est une belle pr\u00e9figuration de la th\u00e9orie moderne des mar\u00e9es\u202f! Simplement, la force attractive \u00e0 l\u2019origine des mar\u00e9es n\u2019est pas un magn\u00e9tisme, mais la gravitation.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 330px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg\" title=\"L\u2019image sur Wikimedia\u00a0Commons\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg\" width=\"330\" height=\"405\" alt=\"Galil\u00e9e\" class \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portrait de Galileo\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Galilei<\/span> par <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giusto_Sustermans\" title=\"Giusto\u00a0Sustermans\" target=\"_blank\">Giusto\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Sustermans<\/span><\/a> en 1636 \u2013 image du domaine public, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg\" title=\"Wikimedia\u00a0Commons\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia\u00a0Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Le physicien et astronome italien <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galil%C3%A9e_%28savant%29\" title=\"Galil\u00e9e\" target=\"_blank\">Galileo\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Galilei<\/span><\/a>  (francis\u00e9 en Galil\u00e9e) (1564 \u2013 1642) se dit surpris que <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Kepler<\/span> s\u2019int\u00e9ress\u00e2t \u00e0 l\u2019action de la Lune sur l\u2019eau, \u00e0 des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes occultes et autres \u00ab\u202fenfantillages\u202f\u00bb. Lui-m\u00eame croyait, soutenant la th\u00e9orie de <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicolas_Copernic\" title=\"Nicolas\u00a0Copernic\" target=\"_blank\">Nicolas\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Copernic<\/span><\/a> (1473 \u2013 1543) de la rotation de la Terre, que les mar\u00e9es \u00e9taient g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es par l\u2019effet combin\u00e9 de la rotation de la terre autour de son axe et de son mouvement orbital autour du soleil.<\/p>\n<p>Galil\u00e9e consacre toute la \u00ab\u202fQuatri\u00e8me journ\u00e9e\u202f\u00bb, conclusive du <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialogue_sur_les_deux_grands_syst%C3%A8mes_du_monde\" title=\"Dialogue sur les deux grands syst\u00e8me du monde\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Dialogue sur les deux grands syst\u00e8mes du monde<\/em><\/a> publi\u00e9 en 1632<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Galileo\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Galilei<\/span>, 1632. <em>Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo<\/em>. Une version fran\u00e7aise peut-\u00eatre trouv\u00e9e dans\u00a0: Galil\u00e9e, 2000. <em>Dialogue sur les deux grands syst\u00e8mes du monde<\/em>, Points Sciences, Seuil.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, \u00e0 la mar\u00e9e. Consid\u00e9rant sa th\u00e9orie des mar\u00e9es comme l\u2019une de ses contributions majeures, il avait d\u2019ailleurs envisag\u00e9 d\u2019intituler cet ouvrage\u00a0: \u00ab\u202fDu Flux et du reflux de la mer\u202f\u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jean-Marc\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">L\u00e9vy-Leblond<\/span>, 2009. Galil\u00e9e et les mar\u00e9es\u00a0: une fausse th\u00e9orie fausse, <em>La Recherche<\/em>, n\u00b0\u00a0433, pp.\u00a092\u00a0\u2013\u00a094.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Surestimant l\u2019importance de la vitesse de translation due \u00e0 la description de l\u2019orbite terrestre par rapport \u00e0 la rotation de la Terre sur elle-m\u00eame, il explique les mar\u00e9es par les acc\u00e9l\u00e9rations et d\u00e9c\u00e9l\u00e9rations r\u00e9sultants de la combinaison de ces deux mouvements. Les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de mortes-eaux et de vives-eaux \u00e9taient selon lui d\u00fb au syst\u00e8me pendulaire compos\u00e9 par le Soleil, la Terre et la Lune. Ceci impliquerait que les vives-eaux se produiraient \u00e0 la nouvelle lune uniquement et les mortes-eaux \u00e0 la pleine lune uniquement, ce qui est contraire \u00e0 l\u2019observation. Toutefois, si la rotation de la Terre n\u2019est pas \u00e0 l\u2019origine des mar\u00e9es, elle a bien un effet sur les oc\u00e9ans et sur l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. J\u2019y reviendrais dans des articles \u00e0 venir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges_Fournier\" title=\"Georges\u00a0Fournier\" target=\"_blank\">Georges\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Fournier<\/span><\/a> (1595 \u2013 1652), aum\u00f4nier de la Flotte royale, d\u00e9montre les erreurs de Galil\u00e9e. Dans son livre intitul\u00e9 <em>Hydrographie<\/em>, paru en 1643<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Georges\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Fournier<\/span>, 1643. <em>Hydrographie, contenant la th\u00e9orie et la practique de toutes les parties de la navigation<\/em>, Chez Michel <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Soly<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, il explique les mar\u00e9es par l\u2019excitation des exhalaisons souterraines sous l\u2019action de la Lune et du Soleil. <a href=\"http:\/\/data.bnf.fr\/12396793\/cesar_d__arcons\/\" title=\"C\u00e9sar\u00a0d\u2019Ar\u00e7ons\" target=\"_blank\">C\u00e9sar\u00a0d\u2019Ar\u00e7ons<\/a> (16.. \u2013 1681), de son c\u00f4t\u00e9, dans <em>Le Secret du flux et du reflux de la mer, et des longitudes, d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 la sapience \u00e9ternelle<\/em> paru en 1655<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">C\u00e9sar\u00a0d\u2019Ar\u00e7ons, 1655. <em>Le Secret du flux et reflux de la mer, et des longitudes d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 la sapience \u00e9ternelle<\/em>, L.\u00a0Maurry.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, explique la mar\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un mouvement de va-et-vient de la Terre le long de l\u2019axe du monde, tandis que Charles\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Scalberge\u00a0Mini\u00e8re<\/span>, dans son <em>Trait\u00e9 des causes naturelles du flux et reflux de la mer<\/em>, paru en 1680<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Charles <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Scalberge Mini\u00e8re<\/span>, 1680. <em>Trait\u00e9 des causes naturelles du flux et reflux de la mer<\/em>, Claude\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Peigne<\/span> &amp; \u00c9tienne\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Massot<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, les attributs \u00e0 la dilatation des mers par le Soleil, la Lune jouant un r\u00f4le de miroir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes\" title=\"Ren\u00e9\u00a0Descartes\" target=\"_blank\">Ren\u00e9\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Descartes<\/span><\/a> (1596 \u2013 1650), d\u00e9fendit l\u2019id\u00e9e de l\u2019origine lunaire des mar\u00e9es. Selon lui, la Lune et la Terre sont chacune entour\u00e9es d\u2019un grand tourbillon. La pression exerc\u00e9e par le tourbillon de la lune sur celui de la terre \u00e9tait transmise \u00e0 la surface de la terre et g\u00e9n\u00e9rait les mar\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>Le math\u00e9maticien anglais <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Wallis\" title=\"John\u00a0Wallis\" target=\"_blank\">John\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wallis<\/span><\/a> (1616 \u2013 1703) proposa en 1666 une version amend\u00e9e de la th\u00e9orie de Galil\u00e9e en cherchant \u00e0 y inclure l\u2019influence de la Lune. Il  proposa d\u2019expliquer les oscillations de la mar\u00e9e non seulement par le mouvement de la Terre autour du Soleil, mais \u00e9galement par son mouvement autour du centre de gravit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me Terre-Lune.<\/p>\n<h2>Une mani\u00e8re de conclusion tr\u00e8s provisoire<\/h2>\n<p>Ce qui va jeter les bases de la th\u00e9orie moderne de la dynamique oc\u00e9anique, c\u2019est la publication par <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isaac_Newton\" title=\"Isaac\u00a0Newton\" target=\"_blank\">Isaac\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Newton<\/span><\/a> (1642 \u2013 1727) en 1687 de l\u2019ouvrage intitul\u00e9 <em>Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1298_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Isaac <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Newton<\/span>, 1687. <em>Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica<\/em>, Jussu Societatis Regi\u00e6 ac Typis.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1298_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Par cet ouvrage, il fonde la m\u00e9canique classique. Bien entendu, je parlerais de tout cela prochainement dans ce journal.<\/p>\n<p>Alors, oui, Galil\u00e9e s\u2019est tromp\u00e9 concernant la mar\u00e9e. Ce qui n\u2019amoindrit en rien l\u2019importance de ses travaux, se situant \u00e0 la rupture <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mologique\" title=\"D\u00e9finition d\u2019\u00e9pist\u00e9mologique\" target=\"_blank\">\u00e9pist\u00e9mologique<\/a> menant \u00e0 la science moderne (que <a href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2015\/09\/15\/tout-est-relatif-mon-cher-bruno%e2%80%af\/\" title=\"Tout est relatif, mon cher Bruno\u202f!\">je d\u00e9taille dans un autre article<\/a>). Ainsi, tout travail en science \u00e0 l\u2019heure actuelle est une cons\u00e9quence de ses propres travaux. Prochainement, j\u2019aborderais d\u2019ailleurs les \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui lui ont permis d\u2019\u00eatre l\u2019un des instigateurs de cette rupture.<\/p>\n<p>De toute fa\u00e7on, une bonne partie du travail de recherche consiste \u00e0 se tromper. Contrairement \u00e0 ce que l\u2019on entend parfois, la science ce n\u2019est pas tant le doute syst\u00e9matique, qui risque de mener \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fCUIlQcZ8tU\" title=\"La m\u00e9thode hyper-critique par La Tronche en biais\" target=\"_blank\">l\u2019\u00e9cueil de l\u2019hyper-critique<\/a>, que la recherche de l\u2019erreur\u00a0: on constate d\u2019\u00e9ventuelles erreurs dans les explications d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne donn\u00e9 et on cherche \u00e0 les corriger. Alors, on cherche \u00e0 nouveau les erreurs dans la nouvelle explication et ainsi de suite, de mani\u00e8re incr\u00e9mentale.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019histoire de l\u2019\u00e9tude de la dynamique oc\u00e9anique me semble int\u00e9ressante et je pense que c\u2019\u00e9tait un bon moyen pour introduire quelques notions se rapportant \u00e0 mes travaux. Ce n\u2019est qu\u2019une premi\u00e8re partie, je vous proposerais prochainement de l\u2019explorer encore. Par ailleurs, elle permet de mettre en exergue un \u00e9l\u00e9ment important\u00a0: tout travail de recherche, aussi novateur soit-il, se base toujours sur des pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseurs et s\u2019inscrit dans une longue histoire.<\/p>\n<p>Ces r\u00e9flexions concluent le pr\u00e9sent billet. J\u2019esp\u00e8re que vous en aurez retir\u00e9 quelques informations nouvelles. Il ouvre la voie \u00e0 plusieurs autres articles, que je publierais prochainement.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1298_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1298_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1298_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1298_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bernard <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Simon<\/span>, 2007. <em>La Mar\u00e9e oc\u00e9anique c\u00f4ti\u00e8re<\/em>, collection \u00ab\u202fSynth\u00e8ses\u202f\u00bb, Institut oc\u00e9anographique \u00e9diteur.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Yoann\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Le\u00a0Bars<\/span>, 2010. <em>Mod\u00e9lisation de la dynamique oc\u00e9anique barotrope dans l\u2019estuaire et le plateau amazoniens<\/em>, th\u00e8se de doctorat, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse III \u2013 Paul\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Sabatier<\/span>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u03a0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, vers 360\u00a0av.\u00a0J.-C. <em>\u03a4\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>. Une version fran\u00e7aise peut-\u00eatre trouv\u00e9e dans\u00a0: Luc <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Brisson<\/span>, 2008. <em>Platon\u00a0: \u0152uvres compl\u00e8tes<\/em>, \u00c9ditions Flammarion. <a href=\"http:\/\/ugo.bratelli.free.fr\/Platon\/Platon-Timee.htm\" title=\"Texte complet du Tim\u00e9e\" target=\"_blank\">Consultable en ligne<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, entre 350 et 200 av. J.C. <em>\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76\u00a0\u039a\u1f79\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5<\/em>. Une version fran\u00e7aise peut \u00eatre trouv\u00e9e dans\u00a0: Charles\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Batteux<\/span>, 1768. <em>Lettre d\u2019Aristote \u00e0 Alexandre, sur le syst\u00eame du monde, avec la traduction fran\u00e7oise & des remarques, par M. l'abb\u00e9 Batteux<\/em>, \u00c0 Paris, chez Saillant. <a href=\"http:\/\/remacle.org\/bloodwolf\/philosophes\/Aristote\/monde.htm\" title=\"Texte complet de Du\u00a0Monde\" target=\"_blank\">Consultable en ligne<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">La d\u00e9clinaison est l\u2019angle mesur\u00e9 sur un cercle horaire entre un point de la sph\u00e8re c\u00e9leste et l\u2019\u00e9quateur c\u00e9leste.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03d0\u03c9\u03bd. <em>\u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/em>, 17 volumes.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gaius Plinius Secundus, vers 77. <em>Naturalis\u00a0Historia<\/em>, 37 volumes. Une version fran\u00e7aise peut-\u00eatre trouv\u00e9e dans\u00a0: Pline\u00a0l\u2019Ancien, 2013. <em>Histoire\u00a0naturelle<\/em>, Biblioth\u00e8que de la Pl\u00e9iade, n\u00b0\u00a0593, Gallimard. <a href=\"http:\/\/remacle.org\/bloodwolf\/erudits\/plineancien\/index.htm\" title=\"Histoire\u00a0naturelle\" target=\"_blank\">Disponible en ligne dans la traduction de Littr\u00e9<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L\u2019\u00e9tablissement est le retard moyen en un lieu donn\u00e9 de la pleine mer sur l\u2019instant de passage de la Lune au m\u00e9ridien de ce lieu.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Le jusant est la p\u00e9riode o\u00f9 la mar\u00e9e est   descendante.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Beda\u00a0Venerabilis, 725. <em>De temporum ratione<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Galileo\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Galilei<\/span>, 1632. <em>Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo<\/em>. Une version fran\u00e7aise peut-\u00eatre trouv\u00e9e dans\u00a0: Galil\u00e9e, 2000. <em>Dialogue sur les deux grands syst\u00e8mes du monde<\/em>, Points Sciences, Seuil.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jean-Marc\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">L\u00e9vy-Leblond<\/span>, 2009. Galil\u00e9e et les mar\u00e9es\u00a0: une fausse th\u00e9orie fausse, <em>La Recherche<\/em>, n\u00b0\u00a0433, pp.\u00a092\u00a0\u2013\u00a094.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Georges\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Fournier<\/span>, 1643. <em>Hydrographie, contenant la th\u00e9orie et la practique de toutes les parties de la navigation<\/em>, Chez Michel <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Soly<\/span>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">C\u00e9sar\u00a0d\u2019Ar\u00e7ons, 1655. <em>Le Secret du flux et reflux de la mer, et des longitudes d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 la sapience \u00e9ternelle<\/em>, L.\u00a0Maurry.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Charles <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Scalberge Mini\u00e8re<\/span>, 1680. <em>Trait\u00e9 des causes naturelles du flux et reflux de la mer<\/em>, Claude\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Peigne<\/span> &amp; \u00c9tienne\u00a0<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Massot<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1298_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1298_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Isaac <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Newton<\/span>, 1687. <em>Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica<\/em>, Jussu Societatis Regi\u00e6 ac Typis.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1298_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1298_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1298_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1298_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1298_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1298_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1298_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1298_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1298_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_1298_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_1298_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1298_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_1298_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1298_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Je l\u2019ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 mentionn\u00e9\u00a0: il serait tout de m\u00eame temps que je pr\u00e9sente les sujets auxquels je m\u2019int\u00e9resse dans mes travaux. Comme j\u2019ai pu l\u2019indiquer \u00e0 la page d\u2019accueil de ce site et comme on peut le d\u00e9duire \u00e0 partir de mon CV, mes domaines de comp\u00e9tences sont les math\u00e9matiques appliqu\u00e9es et l\u2019informatique th\u00e9orique. Mon &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2015\/08\/20\/comment-jai-prolonge-les-travaux-de-galilee%e2%80%af\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture de <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Comment j\u2019ai prolong\u00e9 les travaux de Galil\u00e9e\u202f!<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[171,94,96,74,66],"class_list":["post-1298","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science","tag-cds","tag-histoire-des-sciences","tag-oceanographie","tag-physique","tag-vulgarisation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Comment j\u2019ai prolong\u00e9 les travaux de Galil\u00e9e\u202f! 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