{"id":1371,"date":"2015-08-20T02:51:12","date_gmt":"2015-08-20T00:51:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/?p=1371"},"modified":"2015-09-16T13:01:12","modified_gmt":"2015-09-16T11:01:12","slug":"how-i-extended-galileos-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/08\/20\/how-i-extended-galileos-work\/","title":{"rendered":"How I extended Galileo\u2019s work!"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure style=\"width: 3072px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wimereux_Spring_Tide.jpg\" title=\"The picture on Wikimedia Commons\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4e\/Wimereux_Spring_Tide.jpg\" width=\"3072\" height=\"2304\" alt=\"Spring tide in Wimereux\" class \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spring tide in Wimereux (Pas-de-Calais, France) \u2013 photo by Marc Ryckaert under licence <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\" title=\"CC\u00a0BY\u00a03.0\" target=\"_blank\">CC\u00a0BY\u00a03.0<\/a> via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wimereux_Spring_Tide.jpg\" title=\"Wikimedia Commons\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/07\/28\/if-the-bogdanoff-brothers-were-in-orbit-would-it-have-any-influence-on-pluto\/\" title=\"If the Bogdanoff brothers were in orbit, would it have any influence on pluto?\">I have already mentioned it<\/a>: it is about time that I present the topics that I am interested in my work. As I have indicated on <a href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/welcome\/\" title=\"This site home page\">this site home page<\/a> and as can be deduced from my <a href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/resume\/\" title=\"My resume\">resume<\/a>, my areas of expertise are applied mathematics and theoretical computer science. My scope is physical oceanography. Specifically, I am reproducing ocean dynamics on computers.<\/p>\n<p>However, though being a still evolving discipline, the study of ocean dynamics has a long history. The oldest references I have found were written during the antique times. The main topic on ocean dynamics they address is tide. I intend to present this story here. Much of the information you will find in the following comes from Bernard\u00a0Simon\u2019s <em>La Mar\u00e9e oc\u00e9anique c\u00f4ti\u00e8re<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">B.\u00a0Simon, 2007. La Mar\u00e9e oc\u00e9anique c\u00f4ti\u00e8re, collection \u201cSynth\u00e8ses\u201d, Institut oc\u00e9anographique \u00e9diteur.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. The following is an extract from the introduction of <a href=\"https:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-00494238\" title=\"My Ph.D. thesis\" target=\"_blank\">my Ph.D. thesis<\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Y.\u00a0Le\u00a0Bars, 2010. Mod\u00e9lisation de la dynamique oc\u00e9anique barotrope dans l\u2019estuaire et le plateau amazoniens, Ph.D. thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse III \u2013 Paul Sabatier.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. This thesis focused on the development of an ocean model and its application to the estuary of the Amazon, so I do not claim to have achieved a definitive historical study: the following is a summary, albeit detailed, but with all the limitations of this exercise.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>Early observations<\/h2>\n<p>Although <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homer\" title=\"Homer\" target=\"_blank\">Homer<\/a> (late eighth century <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>) made some allusion to tide, to my knowledge one of the first authors actually mentioning it which we have kept track is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herodotus\" title=\"Herodotus\" target=\"_blank\">Herodotus<\/a> (circa 484 or 482 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span> \u2013 circa 425 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>). He tells about the rise and lowering of water daily from the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Sea\" title=\"Red\u00a0Sea\" target=\"_blank\">Red\u00a0Sea<\/a>, without giving further details. In <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plato\" title=\"Plato\" target=\"_blank\">Plato<\/a>'s dialogue (428 or 427 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span> \u2013 347 or 346 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>) entitled <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timaeus_%28dialogue%29\" title=\"Timaeus\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Timaeus<\/em><\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u03a0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, circa 360 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>. \u03a4\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2. An English version can be found in: F. M. Cornford, 1997. Plato's Cosmology: the Timaeus of Plato, Translated with a Running Commentary, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ellopos.net\/elpenor\/physis\/plato-timaeus\/default.asp\" title=\"Timaeus\" target=\"_blank\">It also can be read on line<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, tides are explained by the surge of ocean water masses induced from rivers flooding and streams. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heraclides_Ponticus\" title=\"Heraclides\u00a0Ponticus\" target=\"_blank\">Heraclides Ponticus<\/a> (388 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span> \u2013 circa 310 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>), for his part, assumes that the Moon and the Sun are the sources of the tides. Meanwhile, an unknown author writing under the name of Aristotle in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/On_the_Universe\" title=\"On the Universe\" target=\"_blank\"><em>On the Universe<\/em><\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, between 350 and 200 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u039a\u1f79\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, noted that the tide follows the movement of the Moon.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 1964px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg\" title=\"The picture on Wikimedia\u00a0Commons\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/83\/Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg\" width=\"1964\" height=\"3146\" alt=\"Statue of Pytheas\" class \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Statue of Pytheas made by Auguste\u00a0Ottin (1811 \u2013 1890) and located on the fa\u00e7ade of Palais de la Bourse in Marseilles \u2013 picture by Rvalette under licence <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\" title=\"CC\u00a0BY-SA\u00a03.0\" target=\"_blank\">CC\u00a0BY-SA\u00a03.0<\/a>, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pyth%C3%A9as.jpg\" title=\"Wikimedia Commons\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>However, I consider the study of ocean dynamics does not really start until about 330 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pytheas\" title=\"Pytheas\" target=\"_blank\">Pytheas<\/a> then leaves the Greek colony Massilia, to later become Marseilles, for a long trip to the British\u00a0Isles (he even likely reach the Arctic Circle). There, he saw tides of unsuspected amplitude in the Mediterranean world. Not only he noticed that there were two high and low tides by lunar day, but also that the tidal range depended on the phases of the Moon. Unfortunately, there are only a few elements of Pytheas travelogue. The book <em>On the Ocean<\/em> he wrote on his return having disappeared, only remaining analyses from historians and geographers of the time, such <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polybius\" title=\"Polybius\" target=\"_blank\">Polybius<\/a> (between 210 and 202 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span> \u2013 126 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>) or <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eratosthenes\" title=\"Eratosthenes\" target=\"_blank\">Eratosthenes<\/a> (circa 276 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span> \u2013 circa 194 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>).<\/p>\n<p>At about the same period, Selerrens of Babylon observed tides in the Persian Gulf and reported the effects of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Declination\" title=\"Declination\" target=\"_blank\">declination<\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The declination is is one of the two angles that locate a point on the celestial sphere in the equatorial coordinate system, the other being hour angle.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> on the tidal range. Some 150 years later, the Greek astronomer Selukos (between 358 and 354 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>  \u2013 281 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>), observing the tide of the Red\u00a0Sea, discovered the diurnal inequality and connected their amplitude to the variations of the Moon declination.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 873px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Strabo.jpg\" title=\"The picture on Wikimedia Commons\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ed\/Strabo.jpg\" width=\"873\" height=\"1056\" alt=\"Strabo\" class \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Strabo as depicted in a 16th-century engraving \u2013 picture from the public domain provided by Brian\u00a0Boru via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Strabo.jpg\" title=\"Wikimedia Common\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Then, in the first century <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Posidonius\" title=\"Posidonius\" target=\"_blank\">Posidonius of Apameia<\/a> (circa 135 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span> \u2013 circa 51 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>) establishes for the coasts of Spain a table showing the concordance of diurnal, semi-diurnal and monthly tidal variations with the movements of the Moon and the Sun. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strabo\" title=\"Strabo\" target=\"_blank\">Strabo<\/a> (circa 57 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span> \u2013 between 21 and 25 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">ad<\/span>) at the beginning of the Christian era, describes the tides of Portugal, England, Denmark, Italy and the Persian\u00a0Gulf<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03d0\u03c9\u03bd. \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, 17 volumes.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. He is the one who was the most interested in Pytheas travel. He is also his first detractor, concluding that he is a storyteller, in particular because he considered implausible that the sea could be frozen.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 178px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Plinyelder.jpg\" title=\"The picture on Wikimedia\u00a0Common\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/37\/Plinyelder.jpg\" width=\"178\" height=\"238\" alt=\"Pliny the Elder\" class \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pliny the Elder, as imagined by a 19th-century artist (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/\" title=\"Library of Congress\" target=\"_blank\">Library of Congress<\/a>) \u2013 picture from public domain, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Plinyelder.jpg\" title=\"Wikimedia Common\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Common<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Around the same time, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pliny_the_Elder\" title=\"Pliny the Elder\" target=\"_blank\">Pliny the Elder<\/a> (23 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">ad<\/span> \u2013 79 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">ad<\/span>), another Pytheas reader, in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_History_%28Pliny%29\" title=\"Natural History\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Natural History<\/em><\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gaius Plinius Secundus, circa 77. Naturalis Historia, 37 volumes. An English version can be found in: J. F. Healy, 2004. Pliny the Elder: Natural History: A Selection, Penguin Classics. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3Ddedication\" title=\"Natural History\" target=\"_blank\">It also can be read on line<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, mentions the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lunitidal_interval\" title=\"Lunitidal interval\" target=\"_blank\">lunitidal interval<\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The lunitidal interval measures the time lag from the moon passing overhead, to the next high or low tide.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, the age of the tide \u2013 that is to say, the lag between high tide with the syzygy time (full moon or new moon) \u2013, \u2018earthly effects of celestial phenomena always being seen with some delay, such as thunder with lightning,\u2019 and annual variations in the amplitude of high tides. According to him, the tide phenomenon is connected with the Sun and the Moon:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u2018On the nature of water, finally, much has already been said, but the advance and retreat of the waves are the most extraordinary. Anyway this offers plenty of variety, its cause lies in the Sun and the Moon.\u2019<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>He observes two tides per day:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u2018When the Moon rises twice, the sea goes up and down twice in each 24-hour interval.\u2019<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Finally, he made the observation that the tide is not exactly semi-diurnal:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u2018Tides never occur at the same time as the previous day, as if they were panting through the influence of a greedy star that attracts to itself the seas to drink.\u2019<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Thus, two millennia ago, the most important characteristics of tide were known, especially through observations of the Greeks in the British\u00a0Isles and in the Red\u00a0Sea. However, it was not something like 1700 years before a satisfactory explanation was given for this phenomenon. During this period, various authors have attempted to explain the tides, with more or less success.<\/p>\n<h2>Early theories<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augustine_of_Hippo\" title=\"Augustine of Hippo\" target=\"_blank\">Augustine of Hippo<\/a> (354 \u2013 430), in his philosophical works, attempts an explanation of tides through an interpretation of Genesis. Meanwhile, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bede\" title=\"The Venerable Bede\" target=\"_blank\">the Venerable Bede<\/a> (673 \u2013 735), a British monk, thought that the ebb is due to the breath of the Moon on the water, the flow occurring when it goes away<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Beda Venerabilis, 725. De temporum ratione.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>However, Christianity of the Middle Ages was not conducive to scientific studies of nature. Any departure from the official interpretation of the Bible and therefore from the official explanation of the way the World is running was rapidly suspected of heresy.<\/p>\n<p>The Arabic scholar <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zakariya_al-Qazwini\" title=\"al\u00a0Qazwini\" target=\"_blank\">Abu Yahya Zakariya\u2019 ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini<\/a> (1203 \u2013 1283), tried to give the first scientific explanation. According to him, the tide was due to the thermal expansion of the water heated by the Sun and the Moon. However, his hypothesis could clearly not explain why the Moon played the most important role.<\/p>\n<p>In the thirteenth century, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Aquinas\" title=\"Thomas Aquinas\" target=\"_blank\">Thomas Aquinas<\/a> (circa 1225 \u2013 1274) tries to reconcile science and religion: \u2018Christians should not fear pagan philosophy, as any study of nature is the study of a work of God.\u2019 For his part, he attributes the origin of tides to the Moon. In a typical Aristotelian fashion, he explains this phenomenon using the principle of sympathy between bodies: the water of the Moon draws water from the Earth.<\/p>\n<p>The German astronomer <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johannes_Kepler\" title=\"Johannes\u00a0Kepler\" target=\"_blank\">Johannes\u00a0Kepler<\/a> (1571 \u2013 1630) was convinced that the explanation of the tides would be sought in an attractive force of the Moon and the Sun. This force was to be some sort of magnetism. He was probably inspired by the recent discovery of terrestrial magnetism by the British physicist William\u00a0Gilbert (1544 \u2013 1603). This explanation is quite a good foreshadowing of the modern theory of tides! Simply, the attractive force behind tides is not magnetism but gravitation.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 330px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg\" title=\"The picture on Wikimedia\u00a0Commons\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg\" width=\"330\" height=\"405\" alt=\"Galileo Galilei\" class \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portrait of Galileo\u00a0Galilei by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Justus_Sustermans\" title=\"Justus\u00a0Sustermans\" target=\"_blank\">Justus\u00a0Sustermans<\/a> in 1636 \u2013 picture of the public domain, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg\" title=\"Wikimedia Commons\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The physicist and Italian astronomer <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galileo_Galilei\" title=\"Galileo\u00a0Galilei\" target=\"_blank\">Galileo\u00a0Galilei<\/a> (1564 \u2013 1642) said he was surprised that Kepler was interested in the action of the Moon on the water, to occult phenomena and other \u201cchildish things.\u201d He himself believed, supporting <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicolaus_Copernicus\" title=\"Nicolaus\u00a0Copernicus\" target=\"_blank\">Nicolaus Copernicus<\/a>\u2019 theory (1473 \u2013 1543) of the rotation of the Earth, that tides were generated by the combined effect of the rotation of the Earth around its axis and its orbital motion around the Sun.<\/p>\n<p>The entire \u201cDay Four\u201d, concluding Galileo\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialogue_Concerning_the_Two_Chief_World_Systems\" title=\"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems<\/em><\/a>, published in 1632<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">G. Galilei, 1632. Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo. An English version can be found in: S. Drake, 2001. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Modern Library.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, is dedicated to tides. Considering his theory of the tides as one of his major contributions, he had also planned to entitle the book \u201cOn Tides<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">J.-M. L\u00e9vy-Leblond, 2009. Galil\u00e9e et les mar\u00e9es\u00a0: une fausse th\u00e9orie fausse, La\u00a0Recherche, n\u00b0\u00a0433, pp.\u00a092\u00a0\u2013\u00a094.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Overestimating the importance of the translation speed due to the description of the Earth\u2019s orbit relative to the rotation of the Earth on itself, he explains the tides by the resulting acceleration and deceleration due to the combination of these two movements. The phenomena of neap and spring tides were, according to him, due to the pendulum system made by the Sun, the Earth and the Moon, which would mean that spring tides would occur only at new moon, while neap tides would only occur at full moon. This is in contradiction with observations. However, even if the rotation of the Earth is not at the origin of tides, it has an effect on the oceans and the atmosphere. I would address this in further articles.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georges_Fournier_%28Jesuit%29\" title=\"Georges\u00a0Fournier\" target=\"_blank\">Georges\u00a0Fournier<\/a> (1595 \u2013 1652), chaplain of the Royal Fleet, demonstrates Galileo\u2019s mistakes. In his book entitled <em>Hydrographie<\/em>, published in 1643<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">G.\u00a0Fournier, 1643. Hydrographie, contenant la th\u00e9orie et la practique de toutes les parties de la navigation, Chez Michel Soly.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, he explained the tides by the excitement of underground fumes under the action of the Moon and Sun. <a href=\"http:\/\/data.bnf.fr\/12396793\/cesar_d__arcons\/\" title=\"C\u00e9sar\u00a0d\u2019Ar\u00e7ons\" target=\"_blank\">C\u00e9sar\u00a0d\u2019Ar\u00e7ons<\/a> (16.. \u2013 1681), for its part, in <em>Le Secret du flux et du reflux de la mer, et des longitudes, d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 la sapience \u00e9ternelle<\/em> published in 1655<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">C.\u00a0d\u2019Ar\u00e7ons, 1655. Le Secret du flux et reflux de la mer, et des longitudes d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 la sapience \u00e9ternelle, L.\u00a0Maurry.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, explains tides with back and forth movements of the Earth along the axis of the World. For his part, in his <em>Trait\u00e9 des causes naturelles du flux et reflux de la mer<\/em> published in 1680<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">C.\u00a0Scalberge\u00a0Mini\u00e8re, 1680. Trait\u00e9 des causes naturelles du flux et reflux de la mer, Claude Peigne &amp; \u00c9tienne Massot<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, Charles Scalberge Mini\u00e8re attributes the expansion of seas to the Sun, the Moon acting as a mirror.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes\" title=\"Ren\u00e9\u00a0Descartes\" target=\"_blank\">Ren\u00e9\u00a0Descartes<\/a> (1596 \u2013 1650), defended the idea of a lunar origin of tides. According to him, the Moon and the Earth are each surrounded by a great whirlwind. The pressure exerted on the whirlwind by the Moon was transmitted to the surface of the Earth and generated the tides.<\/p>\n<p>The English mathematician <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Wallis\" title=\"John\u00a0Wallis\" target=\"_blank\">John\u00a0Wallis<\/a> (1616 \u2013 1703) in 1666 proposed an amended version of Galileo\u2019s theory, seeking to include the influence of the Moon. He proposed to explain the oscillations of the tide not only by the movement of the Earth around the Sun, but also by its movement around the centre of gravity of the Earth-Moon system.<\/p>\n<h2>A very temporary conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>What will lay the foundations for the modern theory of ocean dynamics is the publication by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isaac_Newton\" title=\"Isaac\u00a0Newton\" target=\"_blank\">Isaac\u00a0Newton<\/a> (1642 \u2013 1727) in 1687 of the book <em>Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1371_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">I.\u00a0Newton, 1687. Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Jussu Societatis Regi\u00e6 ac Typis.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1371_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. With this work, he founded the classical mechanics. Of course, I will address this quite soon in this blog.<\/p>\n<p>So, yes, Galileo was wrong about the tide. This does not diminish the importance of his work, standing at the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/epistemological\" title=\"Definition of epistemological\" target=\"_blank\">epistemological<\/a> rupture leading to modern science (which <a href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/09\/15\/everything-is-relative-my-dear-bruno\/\" title=\"Everything is relative, my dear Bruno!\">I detail in another article<\/a>). Thus, all work in science at present is a consequence of his own work. Soon, I would also address the elements that have allowed him to be one of the instigators of this rupture.<\/p>\n<p>Anyway, much of the research work is to be wrong. Contrary to what is sometimes said, science is not exactly about systematic doubt, which could lead to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fCUIlQcZ8tU\" title=\"The Hyper-critical Method by La Tronche en biais\" target=\"_blank\">pitfall of hyper-scepticism<\/a> (this link leads to a French-speaking video), but about the search for errors: there are possible errors in the explanation of a given phenomenon and we try to correct them. So we try again the mistakes in the new explanation and so on, incrementally.<\/p>\n<p>I consider the history of the study of the ocean dynamics interesting, and I think it was a good way to introduce some concepts related to my work. This is only the first part, I would shortly propose a further exploration of this history. It also highlights one important element: any research, however innovative it is, is always based on predecessors and is part of a long history.<\/p>\n<p>These reflections conclude this post. I hope you have learned some new information. It opens the way for several other articles, which I will publish shortly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1371_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1371_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1371_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1371_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">B.\u00a0Simon, 2007. La Mar\u00e9e oc\u00e9anique c\u00f4ti\u00e8re, collection \u201cSynth\u00e8ses\u201d, Institut oc\u00e9anographique \u00e9diteur.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Y.\u00a0Le\u00a0Bars, 2010. Mod\u00e9lisation de la dynamique oc\u00e9anique barotrope dans l\u2019estuaire et le plateau amazoniens, Ph.D. thesis, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse III \u2013 Paul Sabatier.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u03a0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, circa 360 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>. \u03a4\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2. An English version can be found in: F. M. Cornford, 1997. Plato's Cosmology: the Timaeus of Plato, Translated with a Running Commentary, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ellopos.net\/elpenor\/physis\/plato-timaeus\/default.asp\" title=\"Timaeus\" target=\"_blank\">It also can be read on line<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, between 350 and 200 <span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">bc<\/span>. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u039a\u1f79\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The declination is is one of the two angles that locate a point on the celestial sphere in the equatorial coordinate system, the other being hour angle.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03d0\u03c9\u03bd. \u0393\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, 17 volumes.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gaius Plinius Secundus, circa 77. Naturalis Historia, 37 volumes. An English version can be found in: J. F. Healy, 2004. Pliny the Elder: Natural History: A Selection, Penguin Classics. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3Ddedication\" title=\"Natural History\" target=\"_blank\">It also can be read on line<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The lunitidal interval measures the time lag from the moon passing overhead, to the next high or low tide.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Beda Venerabilis, 725. De temporum ratione.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">G. Galilei, 1632. Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo. An English version can be found in: S. Drake, 2001. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Modern Library.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">J.-M. L\u00e9vy-Leblond, 2009. Galil\u00e9e et les mar\u00e9es\u00a0: une fausse th\u00e9orie fausse, La\u00a0Recherche, n\u00b0\u00a0433, pp.\u00a092\u00a0\u2013\u00a094.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">G.\u00a0Fournier, 1643. Hydrographie, contenant la th\u00e9orie et la practique de toutes les parties de la navigation, Chez Michel Soly.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">C.\u00a0d\u2019Ar\u00e7ons, 1655. Le Secret du flux et reflux de la mer, et des longitudes d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 la sapience \u00e9ternelle, L.\u00a0Maurry.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">C.\u00a0Scalberge\u00a0Mini\u00e8re, 1680. Trait\u00e9 des causes naturelles du flux et reflux de la mer, Claude Peigne &amp; \u00c9tienne Massot<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1371_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1371_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">I.\u00a0Newton, 1687. Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Jussu Societatis Regi\u00e6 ac Typis.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1371_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1371_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1371_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1371_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1371_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1371_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1371_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1371_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1371_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_1371_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_1371_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1371_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_1371_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1371_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I have already mentioned it: it is about time that I present the topics that I am interested in my work. As I have indicated on this site home page and as can be deduced from my resume, my areas of expertise are applied mathematics and theoretical computer science. My scope is physical oceanography. Specifically, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/08\/20\/how-i-extended-galileos-work\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture de <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">How I extended Galileo\u2019s work!<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[98,100,72,69],"class_list":["post-1371","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science-en","tag-history-of-sciences","tag-oceanography","tag-physics","tag-scientific-popularisation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How I extended Galileo&#039;s work - A Vue From Here<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"First part of the presentation of the history of my research topics.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/08\/20\/how-i-extended-galileos-work\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How I extended Galileo&#039;s work - A Vue From Here\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"First part of the presentation of the history of my research topics.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/08\/20\/how-i-extended-galileos-work\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Vu d\u2019ici\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-08-20T00:51:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-09-16T11:01:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4e\/Wimereux_Spring_Tide.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yoann Le Bars\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Yoann Le Bars\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/08\/20\/how-i-extended-galileos-work\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/08\/20\/how-i-extended-galileos-work\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Yoann Le Bars\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/#\/schema\/person\/90c5a2de7ad2db1184bbe140ebea1576\"},\"headline\":\"How I extended Galileo\u2019s work!\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-08-20T00:51:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-09-16T11:01:12+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/08\/20\/how-i-extended-galileos-work\/\"},\"wordCount\":2288,\"commentCount\":4,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/#\/schema\/person\/90c5a2de7ad2db1184bbe140ebea1576\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/08\/20\/how-i-extended-galileos-work\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4e\/Wimereux_Spring_Tide.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"History of sciences\",\"Oceanography\",\"Physics\",\"Scientific popularisation\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Science\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/08\/20\/how-i-extended-galileos-work\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/08\/20\/how-i-extended-galileos-work\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/08\/20\/how-i-extended-galileos-work\/\",\"name\":\"How I extended Galileo's work - 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I tried to present both the most well known works and less known jewels. I\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Culture&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Culture","link":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/category\/culture-en\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1938,"url":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2015\/10\/24\/presentation-of-e-penser\/","url_meta":{"origin":1371,"position":4},"title":"Presentation of e-Penser","author":"Yoann Le Bars","date":"24 octobre 2015","format":"link","excerpt":"Since the creation of this website, I intended to give a selection of links that I find interesting. Therefore, I have created the \u201clinks\u201d section. As I do not want to give a list without more element, each link will be published along with a presentation article. This article being\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Non class\u00e9&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Non class\u00e9","link":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/category\/non-classe-en\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Logo of e-Penser","src":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/fr\/3\/30\/E-penser_logo.png","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":3099,"url":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/2017\/04\/04\/falling-bodies-galileo-sets-up-aristotle-to-the-fall\/","url_meta":{"origin":1371,"position":5},"title":"Falling bodies: Galileo sets up Aristotle to the fall","author":"Yoann Le Bars","date":"4 avril 2017","format":false,"excerpt":"As seen twice with a view from here, works from Nicolaus\u00a0Copernicus (1473 \u2013 1543), Giordano\u00a0Bruno (1548 \u2013 1600), Johannes\u00a0Kepler (1571 \u2013 1630) and Galileo\u00a0Galilei (1564 \u2013 1642), which have been preceded by those of Nicole\u00a0Oresme (circa 1320-1322 \u2013 1382), completely challenged the Aristotelian model. In this questioning, Galileo did not\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Science","link":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/en\/category\/science-en\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Galileo GALILEI","src":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 1x, https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 1.5x, https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 2x, https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 3x, https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 4x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1371","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1371"}],"version-history":[{"count":76,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1371\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1847,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1371\/revisions\/1847"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}