{"id":2195,"date":"2016-03-01T00:00:30","date_gmt":"2016-02-29T22:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/?p=2195"},"modified":"2021-03-10T22:38:28","modified_gmt":"2021-03-10T20:38:28","slug":"guillaume-avait-un-bon-rasoir%e2%80%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2016\/03\/01\/guillaume-avait-un-bon-rasoir%e2%80%af\/","title":{"rendered":"Guillaume avait un bon rasoir\u202f!"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a title=\"L\u2019image sur Wikimedia Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:William_of_Ockham_-_Logica_1341.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ab\/William_of_Ockham_-_Logica_1341.jpg\" alt=\"Guillaume d\u2019Ockham\" width=\"400\" height=\"373\"><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guillaume d\u2019Ockham d\u2019apr\u00e8s le manuscrit <em>Summa Logicae<\/em> (Guillaume d\u2019Ockham, 1323) \u2013 image du domaine public <em>via<\/em> <a title=\"L\u2019image sur Wikimedia Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:William_of_Ockham_-_Logica_1341.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Le principe de parcimonie \u2013 parfois appel\u00e9 rasoir d\u2019Ockham d\u2019apr\u00e8s le moine franciscain anglais <a title=\"Guillaume&nbsp;d\u2019Ockham\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guillaume_d%27Ockham\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guillaume&nbsp;d\u2019Ockham<\/a> (vers 1285&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;1347), pr\u00e9curseur en logique \u2013 est un principe commun \u00e0 la philosophie et aux sciences. Il a, en fait, \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9nonc\u00e9 bien avant, l\u2019occurrence la plus ancienne que j\u2019ai pu trouver \u00e9tant d\u00fb \u00e0 <a title=\"Aristote\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aristote\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aristote<\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, <em>\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2<\/em>. <a title=\"\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2\" href=\"http:\/\/www.isnature.org\/Files\/Aristotle\/Bekker_Physics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Disponible en ligne.<\/a> Une traduction en fran\u00e7ais par Pierre&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Pellegrin<\/span>&nbsp;: Aristote, 1999. <em>Physique<\/em>, Flammarion. <a title=\"La Physique d\u2019Aristote\" href=\"http:\/\/remacle.org\/bloodwolf\/philosophes\/Aristote\/tablephysique.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> (384 \u2013 322 avant&nbsp;J.-C.), lui-m\u00eame le faisant remonter \u00e0 <a title=\"Emp\u00e9docle\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emp%C3%A9docle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emp\u00e9docle<\/a> (vers&nbsp;490 \u2013 vers&nbsp;435&nbsp;avant J.-C.). Cependant, <a title=\"Proclus\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proclus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proclus<\/a> (412&nbsp;apr\u00e8s&nbsp;J.-C. \u2013 485) le fait remonter \u00e0 <a title=\"Pythagore\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pythagore\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pythagore<\/a> (vers&nbsp;580 \u2013 vers&nbsp;495&nbsp;avant&nbsp;J.-C.)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">La seule version que je connais de l\u2019ouvrage en question est cette \u00e9dition allemande, qui semble faire r\u00e9f\u00e9rence&nbsp;: Manitius, C. (\u00e9diteur et traducteur), 1909. <em>Procli Diadochi hypotyposis astronomicarum positionum (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana)<\/em>, Teubner, Leipzig. R\u00e9impression en 1974&nbsp;: Teubner, Stuttgart.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Ce principe n\u2019est pas toujours bien compris, il est parfois utilis\u00e9 d\u2019une mani\u00e8re d\u00e9notant d\u2019une m\u00e9prise sur ce qu\u2019il signifie v\u00e9ritablement. Je vous propose dans un premier temps de voir un rapide historique de ce principe, avant de commenter ce qu\u2019il signifie. Cet article s\u2019inscrit donc dans la suite de <a title=\"Comment j\u2019ai prolong\u00e9 les travaux de Galil\u00e9e\u202f!\" href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2015\/08\/20\/comment-jai-prolonge-les-travaux-de-galilee%e2%80%af\/\">la s\u00e9rie sur l\u2019histoire des sciences et de vulgarisation<\/a> que <a title=\"Tout est relatif mon cher Bruno\u202f!\" href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2015\/09\/15\/tout-est-relatif-mon-cher-bruno%e2%80%af\/\">j\u2019ai entam\u00e9e vu d\u2019ici<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Non, je n\u2019ai pas encore pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 ce que sp\u00e9cifie ce principe. Ceci est un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 peine honn\u00eate qui a pour but de cr\u00e9er un suspens \u00e0 la limite du soutenable, afin de vous rendre captif de ma prose et faire en sorte que vous alliez au bout de cet article. Cependant, ne vous inqui\u00e9tez pas&nbsp;: l\u2019explication arrive dans quelques lignes\u202f!<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>Le rasoir d\u2019Ockham \u00e9tait aff\u00fbt\u00e9 avant Guillaume d\u2019Ockham<\/h2>\n<p>Comme indiqu\u00e9 plus haut, la premi\u00e8re mention de ce principe que j\u2019ai trouv\u00e9 remonte \u00e0 Aristote. Dans le premier tome de sa <em>Physique<\/em>, 4, 188a17, on le trouve ainsi exprim\u00e9&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab\u202fIl vaut mieux prendre des principes moins nombreux et de nombre limit\u00e9, comme fait Emp\u00e9docle.\u202f\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Le principe de parcimonie est parfois r\u00e9sum\u00e9 en indiquant qu\u2019entre deux explications \u00e9quivalentes, il faudrait s\u00e9lectionner la plus simple. Remarquons que, d\u00e8s Aristote, ce n\u2019est pas ainsi qu\u2019il est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9. Aristote invite non pas \u00e0 chercher l\u2019explication la plus simple, mais \u00e0 ne pas multiplier les \u00ab\u202fprincipes\u202f\u00bb. Encore faut-il pr\u00e9ciser ce qu\u2019il entend par \u00ab\u202fprincipe\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Pour expliquer un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, quel qu\u2019il soit, on a recours \u00e0 une s\u00e9rie de m\u00e9canismes. Prenons par exemple la chute des corps \u2013 je prends cet exemple car c\u2019est le sujet de <a title=\"La chute des corps&nbsp;: Galil\u00e9e tombe \u00e0 pic\u202f!\" href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2017\/04\/04\/la-chute-des-corps-galilee-tombe-bien%e2%80%af\/\">l\u2019article suivant dans la s\u00e9rie de vulgarisation et d\u2019histoire des sciences de ce site<\/a>. Pour Aristote, <a title=\"Tout est relatif, mon cher Bruno\u202f!\" href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2015\/09\/15\/tout-est-relatif-mon-cher-bruno%e2%80%af\/\">dont j\u2019ai parl\u00e9 du mod\u00e8le du Monde par ailleurs<\/a>, les corps relevant des \u00e9l\u00e9ments terre et eau ont un mouvement naturel vers le bas, dont la vitesse va d\u00e9pendre de la capacit\u00e9 du corps \u00e0 fendre l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment air, laquelle capacit\u00e9 d\u00e9pend du poids et de la forme du corps. Pour expliquer le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de chute des corps, Aristote a donc recours \u00e0 plusieurs m\u00e9canismes, ce qu\u2019il nomme \u00ab\u202fprincipe\u202f\u00bb&nbsp;: le m\u00e9canisme de mouvement naturel des \u00e9l\u00e9ments, la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 fendre l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment air, le poids et la forme du corps. Le principe de parcimonie, tel qu\u2019exprim\u00e9 ici, invite donc \u00e0 ne pas d\u00e9multiplier les m\u00e9canismes pour expliquer un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne donn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Ce principe sera int\u00e9gr\u00e9 \u00e0 la <a title=\"Scolastique\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scolastique\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scolastique<\/a> et donc \u00e0 la pens\u00e9e chr\u00e9tienne. On le trouve par exemple chez <a title=\"Thomas&nbsp;d\u2019Aquin\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_d%27Aquin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas&nbsp;d\u2019Aquin<\/a> (1225 \u2013 1274)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Thomas&nbsp;de Aquino, 1265 \u2013 1274. <em>Summa theologi\u00e6<\/em>. <a title=\"Summa Theologiae\" href=\"http:\/\/www.corpusthomisticum.org\/sth0000.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>. Une version fran\u00e7aise&nbsp;: Thomas d\u2019Aquin, 1984 \u2013 1986. <em>Somme th\u00e9ologique<\/em>, 4 tomes, \u00e9dition du Cerf, Paris. <a title=\"Grandes synth\u00e8ses\" href=\"http:\/\/docteurangelique.free.fr\/saint_thomas_d_aquin\/oeuvres_completes.html#01_grandes_syntheses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Dans la <em>Somme th\u00e9ologique<\/em>, premi\u00e8re partie, Q.&nbsp;2, art.&nbsp;3, obj.&nbsp;2, le principe de parcimonie est \u00e9nonc\u00e9 ainsi&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab\u202f[\u2026] quod potest compleri per pauciora principia, non fit per plura.\u202f\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Ce qui peut \u00eatre traduit en \u00ab\u202fce qui peut \u00eatre accompli par des principes en petit nombre ne se fait pas par des principes plus nombreux\u202f\u00bb. Une fois de plus, l\u2019id\u00e9e est de ne pas d\u00e9multiplier les m\u00e9canismes pour expliquer un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, la formulation la plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre de ce principe est donc due \u00e0 Guillaume&nbsp;d\u2019Ockham. Il l\u2019a formul\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs reprises, la premi\u00e8re que j\u2019ai pu recenser se trouve dans le livre II de l\u2019ouvrage <em>Quaestiones et decisiones in quatuor libros Sententiarum cum centilogio theologico<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Gulielmus&nbsp;Occamus, 1319. <em>Quaestiones et decisiones in quatuor libros Sententiarum cum centilogio theologico<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Voici comment il y est \u00e9nonc\u00e9&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00ab\u202fPluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate.\u202f\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Que l\u2019on peut traduire ainsi&nbsp;: \u00ab\u202fune pluralit\u00e9 ne doit pas \u00eatre pos\u00e9e sans n\u00e9cessit\u00e9\u202f\u00bb. Une fois de plus, le propos est de ne pas multiplier les hypoth\u00e8ses s\u2019il est possible d\u2019\u00e9viter une telle multiplication.<\/p>\n<p>Notons que le terme \u00ab\u202frasoir d\u2019Ockham\u202f\u00bb n\u2019est pas d\u00fb \u00e0 Guillaume&nbsp;d\u2019Ockham. La plus ancienne mention de ce principe sous ce nom que j\u2019ai pu trouver vient de <a title=\"William&nbsp;Hamilton\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Hamilton_%289e_baronnet%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hamilton<\/span><\/a> (1788 \u2013 1856)<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">William&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hamilton<\/span>, 1852. <em>Discussion in Philosophy, Literature and Education<\/em>, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, Londres.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Le propos de cet article n\u2019est pas de r\u00e9aliser un recensement exhaustif de toutes les fois ou ce principe a \u00e9t\u00e9 formul\u00e9, ce serait particuli\u00e8rement r\u00e9barbatif, je ne suis pas s\u00fbr que ce soit possible et ce ne serait pas tr\u00e8s utile. Signalons simplement qu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9affirm\u00e9 tant en philosophie qu\u2019en sciences. Une des derni\u00e8res formulations du principe de parcimonie provient de l\u2019algorithmique statistique. Cette formulation est due \u00e0 <a title=\"Ray&nbsp;SOLOMONOFF\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ray_Solomonoff\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ray&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Solomonoff<\/span><\/a> (1926 \u2013 2009) sous la forme de la th\u00e9orie d\u2019inf\u00e9rence inductive<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ray&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Solomonoff<\/span>, 1964. <em>A Formal Theory of Inductive Inference Part I<\/em>, Information and Control 7 (1), pp.&nbsp;1 \u2013 22. Doi&nbsp;: <a title=\"Part&nbsp;I\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0019-9958%2864%2990223-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.1016\/S0019-9958(64)90223-2<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>\u202f<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Ray&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Solomonoff<\/span>, 1964. <em>A Formal Theory of Inductive Inference Part II<\/em>, Information and Control 7 (2), pp. 224 \u2013 254. Doi&nbsp;: <a title=\"Part II\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0019-9958%2864%2990131-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.1016\/S0019-9958(64)90131-7<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Dans ce cadre, parmi toutes les explications d\u00e9crivant parfaitement des observations, celles n\u00e9cessitant le moins de calculs sont pourvues d\u2019un poids plus fort. L\u2019inf\u00e9rence inductive est utilis\u00e9e en intelligence artificielle, plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment en apprentissage automatique.<\/p>\n<h2>Usons de notre rasoir sans nous couper\u202f!<\/h2>\n<p>Le principe de parcimonie a donc \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9affirm\u00e9 et utilis\u00e9 avec succ\u00e8s plusieurs fois au cours de l\u2019Histoire. Il invite, vous l\u2019avez compris, \u00e0 faire preuve de parcimonie dans (ne pas multiplier) les hypoth\u00e8ses et m\u00e9canismes que l\u2019on invoque pour expliquer un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne. Ainsi, entre plusieurs explications d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne donn\u00e9, pour peu qu\u2019elles soient toutes aussi satisfaisantes (on supprimera donc les explications qui d\u00e9crivent moins bien le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne), on privil\u00e9giera celle qui n\u00e9cessite le moins d\u2019hypoth\u00e8ses. Par exemple, <a title=\"Toute est relatif, mon cher Bruno\u202f!\" href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2015\/09\/15\/tout-est-relatif-mon-cher-bruno%e2%80%af\/\">dans mon article sur le principe de relativit\u00e9<\/a>, on a vu que <a title=\"Nicolas&nbsp;COPERNIC\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicolas_Copernic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nicolas&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Copernic<\/span><\/a> avait relev\u00e9 que le syst\u00e8me h\u00e9liocentrique r\u00e9pondait mieux au principe de parcimonie que le syst\u00e8me g\u00e9ocentrique.<\/p>\n<p>Son usage doit donc permettre de limiter les hypoth\u00e8ses non document\u00e9es, ce qui est un moyen de renforcer la coh\u00e9rence d\u2019une explication avec les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes qu\u2019elle entend \u00e9clairer. En effet, en ajoutant des hypoth\u00e8ses qui n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 valid\u00e9es par des observations, on augmente le risque qu\u2019une ou plusieurs des hypoth\u00e8ses sur lesquelles repose l\u2019explication ne soit pas en accord avec la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 des faits sur lesquels elle porte. \u00c0 l\u2019inverse, avec un minimum d\u2019hypoth\u00e8ses non document\u00e9es, l\u2019explication a moins de chance de se trouver invalid\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, l\u2019usage de ce principe pr\u00e9sente \u00e9galement quelques \u00e9cueils dont il faut savoir se jouer.<\/p>\n<p>Tout d\u2019abord, il faut se m\u00e9fier des hypoth\u00e8ses qui cachent en r\u00e9alit\u00e9s d\u2019autres hypoth\u00e8ses complexes. Par exemple, une fois qu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tabli que la lumi\u00e8re agissait comme une onde et dans la mesure o\u00f9 toutes les ondes jusque-l\u00e0 observ\u00e9es se propageaient dans un milieu, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 postul\u00e9 que la lumi\u00e8re se propageait dans ce que l\u2019on a alors appel\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9ther luminif\u00e8re<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">La plus ancienne pr\u00e9figuration de ce qui deviendra l\u2019\u00e9ther luminif\u00e8re que j\u2019ai pu trouver vient de&nbsp;: Isaac&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Newton<\/span>, 1704. <em>Opticks: or, a treatise of the reflexions, refractions, inflexions and colours of light<\/em>, Royal Society, Londres. Une version fran\u00e7aise traduite par Jean-Paul&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Marat<\/span>&nbsp;: Isaac&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Newton<\/span>, 2015. <em>Optique<\/em>, collection \u00ab\u202fIdem\u202f\u00bb, Dunod.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, il s\u2019est av\u00e9r\u00e9 que l\u2019\u00e9ther luminif\u00e8re aurait d\u00fb avoir des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s tr\u00e8s particuli\u00e8res. Notamment, pour pouvoir transmettre la lumi\u00e8re des \u00e9toiles lointaines, il lui aurait fallu \u00eatre d\u2019une rigidit\u00e9 quasiment infinie, mais il devait \u00e9galement ne pr\u00e9senter aucune r\u00e9sistance aux mouvements des objets. En d\u00e9finitive, cet \u00e9ther \u00e9tait une hypoth\u00e8se complexe. Ainsi, en proposant la th\u00e9orie de la relativit\u00e9 restreinte, Albert&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Einstein<\/span> va, entre autre, faire le constat que l\u2019\u00e9ther luminif\u00e8re pose plus de probl\u00e8me qu\u2019il n\u2019en r\u00e9sout et en tirer la conclusion que la lumi\u00e8re se propage dans le vide<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2195_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Albert&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Einstein<\/span>, 1905. \u00ab\u202fZur Elektrodynamik bewegter K\u00f6rper\u202f\u00bb, <em>Annalen der Physik<\/em>, n\u00b0 17, pp. 891 \u2013 921. <a title=\"Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter K\u00f6rper\" href=\"http:\/\/users.physik.fu-berlin.de\/~kleinert\/files\/1905_17_891-921.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Consultable en ligne<\/a>. Version fran\u00e7aise <a title=\"De l\u2019\u00e9lectrodynamique\ndes corps en mouvement.\" href=\"http:\/\/classiques.uqac.ca\/classiques\/einstein_albert\/Electrodynamique\/Electrodynamique_encadre.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2195_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Pour mieux dire, le milieu de propagation de la lumi\u00e8re est le vide, car les avanc\u00e9es de la physique, notamment de la physique quantique, nous invite \u00e0 reconsid\u00e9rer la notion m\u00eame de vide \u2013 je ne d\u00e9velopperais pas plus avant ce point ici, mais dites-moi dans les commentaires si vous jugez int\u00e9ressant que je r\u00e9dige un article sur ce sujet. En d\u00e9finitive, ne pas recourir \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9ther luminif\u00e8re induisait moins d\u2019hypoth\u00e8ses, m\u00eame si on n\u2019avait alors pas observ\u00e9 d\u2019autre onde se propageant dans le vide.<\/p>\n<p>Il faut \u00e9galement se m\u00e9fier des explications qui n\u2019expliquent rien. Expliquer que les corps chutent car Dieu \u2013 le propos de cet article n\u2019est pas de discuter de l\u2019existence ou non de Dieu, il n\u2019est ici consid\u00e9r\u00e9 que comme l\u2019explication de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u2013 l\u2019a voulu ainsi, outre que le fait que l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se divine est une hypoth\u00e8se complexe, \u00e0 tel point que d\u00e8s l\u2019introduction de la <em>Somme&nbsp;th\u00e9ologique<\/em> Thomas d\u2019Aquin fait le constat qu\u2019il n\u2019existe pas de d\u00e9finition positive de Dieu, n\u2019apporte concr\u00e8tement aucune explication&nbsp;: cela revient \u00e0 dire que les choses sont ce qu\u2019elles sont car telle est la marche du monde. Que Dieu existe ou non, il n\u2019en demeure pas moins que cela n\u2019\u00e9claircit pas le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne et ne permet notamment pas de faire de pr\u00e9vision.<\/p>\n<p>La grande vertu du principe de parcimonie est surtout d\u2019aider \u00e0 \u00e9viter les hypoth\u00e8ses <em>ad hoc<\/em>. Une hypoth\u00e8se <em>ad hoc<\/em> est une hypoth\u00e8se que l\u2019on ajoute \u00e0 une th\u00e9orie pour pouvoir en user en d\u00e9pit du fait qu\u2019elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9fut\u00e9e. Par exemple, force est de constater qu\u2019il n\u2019existe aucun \u00e9l\u00e9ment attestant l\u2019existence des <a title=\"Leprechaun\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leprechaun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leprechauns<\/a>, lutins issus du folklore irlandais. Pour pouvoir continuer \u00e0 d\u00e9fendre l\u2019existence des leprechauns, il suffit d\u2019ajouter l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se <em>ad hoc<\/em> selon laquelle, particuli\u00e8rement timides, ils font tr\u00e8s attention \u00e0 ne pas \u00eatre remarqu\u00e9s et que, par ailleurs, ils sont invisibles. \u00c0 force d\u2019hypoth\u00e8ses <em>ad hoc<\/em>, on en arrive \u00e0 des leprechauns qui n\u2019ont ni forme ni odeur, qui sont invisibles et inaudibles, qui n\u2019interagissent avec rien, ne laissent aucune trace, sont ind\u00e9celables, mais qui n\u00e9anmoins existent\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Bien entendu, rares sont ceux qui seraient enclins \u00e0 vouloir justifier co\u00fbte que co\u00fbte l\u2019existence des leprechauns, j\u2019ai d\u2019ailleurs choisi cet exemple car il a peu de chance d\u2019attirer quelque ire de qui que ce soit. Cependant, l\u2019usage d\u2019hypoth\u00e8ses <em>ad hoc<\/em> est monnaie courante lorsque quelqu\u2019un voit une explication \u00e0 laquelle il tient \u00eatre r\u00e9fut\u00e9e et il peut parfois \u00eatre d\u00e9licat de les identifier, plus encore de s\u2019en d\u00e9partir. Dans ce cadre, je pense qu\u2019il est utile de se rappeler que se tromper n\u2019a jamais rien de grave si on est pr\u00eat \u00e0 reconnaitre et corriger ses erreurs, ne remet pas en cause sa propre existence et que, cette s\u00e9rie sur l\u2019histoire des sciences essayant entre autre de l\u2019illustrer, les plus brillants esprits se sont tous tromp\u00e9s, \u00e0 un moment ou un autre. Le principe de parcimonie n\u2019est pas toujours d\u2019un usage ais\u00e9, mais il peut nous aider.<\/p>\n<p>En compl\u00e9ment de cet article, vous pouvez \u00e9galement vous r\u00e9f\u00e9rer \u00e0 la <a title=\"Le rasoir d\u2019Ockham (1)&nbsp;: le principe de simplicit\u00e9\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.futura-sciences.com\/luminet\/2015\/09\/03\/le-rasoir-dockham-1-le-principe-de-simplicite\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pr\u00e9sentation du principe de parcimonie par Jean-Pierre&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Luminet<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2195_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2195_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2195_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_2195_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2195_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, <em>\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2<\/em>. <a title=\"\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2\" href=\"http:\/\/www.isnature.org\/Files\/Aristotle\/Bekker_Physics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Disponible en ligne.<\/a> Une traduction en fran\u00e7ais par Pierre&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Pellegrin<\/span>&nbsp;: Aristote, 1999. <em>Physique<\/em>, Flammarion. <a title=\"La Physique d\u2019Aristote\" href=\"http:\/\/remacle.org\/bloodwolf\/philosophes\/Aristote\/tablephysique.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2195_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">La seule version que je connais de l\u2019ouvrage en question est cette \u00e9dition allemande, qui semble faire r\u00e9f\u00e9rence&nbsp;: Manitius, C. (\u00e9diteur et traducteur), 1909. <em>Procli Diadochi hypotyposis astronomicarum positionum (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana)<\/em>, Teubner, Leipzig. R\u00e9impression en 1974&nbsp;: Teubner, Stuttgart.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2195_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Thomas&nbsp;de Aquino, 1265 \u2013 1274. <em>Summa theologi\u00e6<\/em>. <a title=\"Summa Theologiae\" href=\"http:\/\/www.corpusthomisticum.org\/sth0000.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>. Une version fran\u00e7aise&nbsp;: Thomas d\u2019Aquin, 1984 \u2013 1986. <em>Somme th\u00e9ologique<\/em>, 4 tomes, \u00e9dition du Cerf, Paris. <a title=\"Grandes synth\u00e8ses\" href=\"http:\/\/docteurangelique.free.fr\/saint_thomas_d_aquin\/oeuvres_completes.html#01_grandes_syntheses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2195_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gulielmus&nbsp;Occamus, 1319. <em>Quaestiones et decisiones in quatuor libros Sententiarum cum centilogio theologico<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2195_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">William&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hamilton<\/span>, 1852. <em>Discussion in Philosophy, Literature and Education<\/em>, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, Londres.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2195_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ray&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Solomonoff<\/span>, 1964. <em>A Formal Theory of Inductive Inference Part I<\/em>, Information and Control 7 (1), pp.&nbsp;1 \u2013 22. Doi&nbsp;: <a title=\"Part&nbsp;I\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0019-9958%2864%2990223-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.1016\/S0019-9958(64)90223-2<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2195_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ray&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Solomonoff<\/span>, 1964. <em>A Formal Theory of Inductive Inference Part II<\/em>, Information and Control 7 (2), pp. 224 \u2013 254. Doi&nbsp;: <a title=\"Part II\" href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0019-9958%2864%2990131-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.1016\/S0019-9958(64)90131-7<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2195_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">La plus ancienne pr\u00e9figuration de ce qui deviendra l\u2019\u00e9ther luminif\u00e8re que j\u2019ai pu trouver vient de&nbsp;: Isaac&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Newton<\/span>, 1704. <em>Opticks: or, a treatise of the reflexions, refractions, inflexions and colours of light<\/em>, Royal Society, Londres. Une version fran\u00e7aise traduite par Jean-Paul&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Marat<\/span>&nbsp;: Isaac&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Newton<\/span>, 2015. <em>Optique<\/em>, collection \u00ab\u202fIdem\u202f\u00bb, Dunod.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2195_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2195_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2195_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Albert&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Einstein<\/span>, 1905. \u00ab\u202fZur Elektrodynamik bewegter K\u00f6rper\u202f\u00bb, <em>Annalen der Physik<\/em>, n\u00b0 17, pp. 891 \u2013 921. <a title=\"Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter K\u00f6rper\" href=\"http:\/\/users.physik.fu-berlin.de\/~kleinert\/files\/1905_17_891-921.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Consultable en ligne<\/a>. Version fran\u00e7aise <a title=\"De l\u2019\u00e9lectrodynamique\ndes corps en mouvement.\" href=\"http:\/\/classiques.uqac.ca\/classiques\/einstein_albert\/Electrodynamique\/Electrodynamique_encadre.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_2195_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2195_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2195_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_2195_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2195_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2195_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2195_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2195_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2195_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_2195_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_2195_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2195_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_2195_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2195_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le principe de parcimonie \u2013 parfois appel\u00e9 rasoir d\u2019Ockham d\u2019apr\u00e8s le moine franciscain anglais Guillaume&nbsp;d\u2019Ockham (vers 1285&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;1347), pr\u00e9curseur en logique \u2013 est un principe commun \u00e0 la philosophie et aux sciences. Il a, en fait, \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9nonc\u00e9 bien avant, l\u2019occurrence la plus ancienne que j\u2019ai pu trouver \u00e9tant d\u00fb \u00e0 Aristote1\u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2. Disponible en &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2016\/03\/01\/guillaume-avait-un-bon-rasoir%e2%80%af\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture de <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Guillaume avait un bon rasoir\u202f!<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,43],"tags":[171,112,94,56,81,66],"class_list":["post-2195","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-science","tag-cds","tag-culture-fr","tag-histoire-des-sciences","tag-philosophie","tag-science","tag-vulgarisation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Guillaume avait un bon rasoir\u202f! &#8211; Vu d\u2019ici<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le principe de parcimonie, parfois appel\u00e9 rasoir d\u2019Ockham, est souvent utilis\u00e9 \u00e0 tort et \u00e0 travers. 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Version fran\u00e7aise disponible en ligne.)) ainsi que celle de la relativit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale((Albert\u00a0Einstein, 1916. \u00ab\u202fDie Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativit\u00e4tstheorie\u202f\u00bb, Annalen der Physik, n\u00b0\u00a049, pp. 769\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Science","link":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/category\/science\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Giordano\u00a0Bruno","src":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/15\/Giordano_Bruno.jpg","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":2930,"url":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2016\/10\/31\/scilabus-le-blog-de-viviane-lalande\/","url_meta":{"origin":2195,"position":4},"title":"Scilabus\u00a0: le blog de Viviane\u00a0Lalande","author":"Yoann Le Bars","date":"31 octobre 2016","format":"link","excerpt":"Scilabus est un site de vulgarisation scientifique, qui allie textes et vid\u00e9os. Ce site a \u00e9t\u00e9 initi\u00e9 et est tenu par Viviane\u00a0Lalande, qui re\u00e7oit de l\u2019aide de sa s\u0153ur Marianne\u00a0Lalande et de Renaud\u00a0Manuguerra. Sa ligne \u00e9ditorial est de prendre des situations de la vie quotidienne \u2013 par exemple, vaut-il mieux\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Science&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Science","link":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/category\/science\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Viviane\u00a0Lalande","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.scilabus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/photoMoi.png?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":4462,"url":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2022\/07\/13\/la-geste-des-statistiques-et-de-lopinion-episode-10-les-conclusions-des-sondages\/","url_meta":{"origin":2195,"position":5},"title":"La Geste des statistiques et de l\u2019opinion \u2013 \u00c9pisode 10\u00a0: Les Conclusions des sondages","author":"Yoann Le Bars","date":"13 juillet 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/729335045 Dixi\u00e8me \u00e9pisode de la s\u00e9rie de lives intitul\u00e9e La\u00a0Geste\u00a0des\u00a0statistiques\u00a0et\u00a0de\u00a0l\u2019opinion. Dans la s\u00e9rie de lives intitul\u00e9e La\u00a0Geste\u00a0des\u00a0statistiques\u00a0et\u00a0de\u00a0l\u2019opinion, je pr\u00e9sente comment fonctionnent les sondages et comment les lire. Voici la rediffusion du dixi\u00e8me \u00e9pisode, Les\u00a0Conclusions\u00a0des\u00a0sondages, dans lequel, avec Chlo\u00e9\u00a0Debauges, nous faisons un bilan de cette ann\u00e9e d\u2019analyse des sondages. Le d\u00e9p\u00f4t\u2026","rel":"","context":"Dans &quot;Politique&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Politique","link":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/category\/politique\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2195","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2195"}],"version-history":[{"count":104,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2195\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4187,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2195\/revisions\/4187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2195"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2195"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2195"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}