{"id":3803,"date":"2020-04-07T23:45:33","date_gmt":"2020-04-07T21:45:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/?p=3803"},"modified":"2020-04-12T14:58:59","modified_gmt":"2020-04-12T12:58:59","slug":"un-point-sur-la-chloroquine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2020\/04\/07\/un-point-sur-la-chloroquine\/","title":{"rendered":"Un Point sur la chloroquine"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2.jpg\" alt=\"Image au microscope \u00e9lectronique du SARS-CoV-2\"\/><figcaption>Image au microscope \u00e9lectronique du SARS-CoV-2, le virus \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la maladie Covid-19 \u2013 image r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par le <a title=\"Niaid\" href=\"https:\/\/www.niaid.nih.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Niaid<\/a> sous contrat <a title=\"CC&nbsp;BY&nbsp;2.0\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Creative&nbsp;Common&nbsp;Attribution&nbsp;2.0&nbsp;Generic<\/a> via <a title=\"L'image sur Wikimedia&nbsp;Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wikimedia&nbsp;Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Cet article est r\u00e9dig\u00e9 dans un contexte un peu particulier, pour tout dire assez dramatique&nbsp;: apr\u00e8s un premier malade d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le 17&nbsp;novembre&nbsp;2019<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Josephine&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ma<\/span>, 13&nbsp;mars&nbsp;2020. \u00ab\u202fCoronavirus: China\u2019s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17\u202f\u00bb, South&nbsp;China&nbsp;Morning&nbsp;Post. Texte en anglais. <a title=\"Coronavirus: China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/society\/article\/3074991\/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, une pand\u00e9mie<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 (OMS), 11 mars 2020. <cite>Allocution liminaire du Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l\u2019OMS lors \u200edu point presse sur la COVID-19<\/cite>, OMS. <a title=\"Allocution liminaire du Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OMS lors \u200edu point presse sur la COVID-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/fr\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> de <a title=\"Maladie \u00e0 coronavirus 2019\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maladie_%C3%A0_coronavirus_2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Covid-19<\/a> s\u2019est r\u00e9pandue \u00e0 travers le Monde, <a title=\"Informations coronavirus\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gouvernement.fr\/info-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">provoquant notamment le confinement de la population fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 partir du 17&nbsp;mars&nbsp;2020 \u00e0 12\u202fh<\/a>. Ces lignes sont r\u00e9dig\u00e9es en France, dans ce contexte de confinement. Par ailleurs, la gravit\u00e9 de la pand\u00e9mie a conduit un regroupement de m\u00e9diateurs scientifiques \u00e0 se coordonner pour lancer le 14&nbsp;mars&nbsp;2020 \u00e0 18\u202fh un message de pr\u00e9vention <a title=\"Corona virus&nbsp;: chaque JOUR compte\u202f!\" href=\"http:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2020\/03\/14\/coronavirus-chaque-jour-compte\/\">auquel je me suis associ\u00e9.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<p>Avant le confinement, le 25&nbsp;f\u00e9vrier&nbsp;2020, l\u2019<a title=\"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-infection\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mediterranee-infection.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-infection<\/a> a diffus\u00e9 une vid\u00e9o d\u00e9clarant qu\u2019une mol\u00e9cule d\u00e9riv\u00e9e de la <a title=\"Quinine\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quinine\" target=\"_blank\">quinine<\/a>, la chloroquine, constitue un traitement efficace contre la Covid-19 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"660\" height=\"372\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8L6ehRif-v8?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=fr-FR&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><figcaption>Didier&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Raoult<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fCoronavirus&nbsp;: vers une sortie de crise\u202f?\u202f\u00bb, <em>IHU&nbsp;M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-infection<\/em>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ceci a \u00e9t\u00e9 le point de d\u00e9part d\u2019une importante m\u00e9diatisation de la chloroquine et d\u2019un autre d\u00e9riv\u00e9 de la quinine, l\u2019hydroxychloroquine. Cette m\u00e9diatisation \u00e9tant extr\u00eamement probl\u00e9matique, j\u2019aimerais vous donner quelques indications plus claires. Cet article va surtout \u00eatre l\u2019occasion de vous renvoyer vers des sources fiables, parce que l\u2019on voit beaucoup d\u2019avis \u2013 qui n\u2019ont, pour \u00eatre franc, pas d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat \u2013 et trop peu de faits. Pourtant, ces faits existent. Cet article ne sera donc pas un article d\u2019opinion, mais ne s\u2019int\u00e9ressera qu\u2019aux faits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Organisation de ce document<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Comme usuellement dans ce journal, suivant une habitude universitaire, les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences des publications imprim\u00e9es sont indiqu\u00e9es en notes de bas de page. Pour cet article, j\u2019ai pu donner des liens menant \u00e0 des versions en ligne de toutes ces r\u00e9f\u00e9rences et je vous invite fortement \u00e0 les consulter. Globalement, les notes de bas de page servent \u00e0 structurer les informations, mais ne constituent en aucune mani\u00e8re de l\u2019information secondaire. Comme de coutume sur Internet, les sources publi\u00e9es sur des sites web sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es sous forme d\u2019hyperliens dans le texte. Ces sources sont \u00e9galement importantes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Une <a title=\"Version PDF\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.le-bars.net\/index.php\/s\/V3c4Xuwiq2NsfMg\" target=\"_blank\">version en PDF<\/a> \u00e0 imprimer de cet article est disponible. Une <a title=\"Version audio\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.le-bars.net\/index.php\/s\/aldKiuJ5gLUZke0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">version audio<\/a> (avec une voix un peu robotique) est \u00e9galement disponible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comprendre la m\u00e9thodologie des essais cliniques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Si malheureusement les cas graves de la Covid-19 n\u00e9cessitent une prise en charge lourde, ce sont d\u2019ailleurs ces cas qui mettent les h\u00f4pitaux sous tension, l\u2019infection est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement b\u00e9nigne et <a title=\"Covid19 : y a-t-il une place pour l'hydroxychloroquine ?\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnge.fr\/conseil_scientifique\/productions_du_conseil_scientifique\/covid_19_y_t_il_une_place_pour_lhydroxychloroquine\/\" target=\"_blank\">dans plus de 80\u202f% des cas la gu\u00e9rison est spontan\u00e9e<\/a>. D\u00e8s lors, une question vitale est celle de savoir comment d\u00e9terminer qu\u2019un m\u00e9dicament est efficace. Par exemple, si un patient gu\u00e9rit de la maladie et en imaginant que, tant qu\u2019il \u00e9tait malade, il a mang\u00e9 tous les jours des salsifis au beurre, comment d\u00e9terminer si ce plat a eut un quelconque r\u00f4le dans la gu\u00e9rison du patient\u202f?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Soit dit en passant, je pense que vous l\u2019avez devin\u00e9&nbsp;: si j\u2019ai choisi cet exemple, c\u2019est parce qu\u2019il n\u2019y a aucun \u00e9l\u00e9ment indiquant que les salsifis puissent constituer un rem\u00e8de \u00e0 la maladie. \u00c7a va sans le dire, mais \u00e7a va mieux en le disant&nbsp;: il y a d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu trop d\u2019annonces pr\u00e9matur\u00e9es concernant cette pand\u00e9mie, n\u2019en ajoutons pas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Comment d\u00e9passe-t-on le stade de l\u2019anecdote pour d\u00e9terminer que l\u2019on a bien mis en \u00e9vidence un traitement\u202f? \u00c9galement, il y a un autre point important \u00e0 prendre en compte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un probl\u00e8me depuis longtemps identifi\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans le tome&nbsp;I, premier livre, au chapitre&nbsp;XXI, de ses <em>Essais<\/em>, <a title=\"Michel de Montaigne\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michel_de_Montaigne\" target=\"_blank\">Michel&nbsp;de&nbsp;Montaigne<\/a> rapporte le cas d\u2019un marchand de Toulouse malade de la pierre (d\u00e9sormais nomm\u00e9e <a title=\"Colique n\u00e9phr\u00e9tique\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colique_n%C3%A9phr%C3%A9tique\" target=\"_blank\">colique n\u00e9phr\u00e9tique<\/a>) auquel un apothicaire administrait r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement des <a title=\"Clyst\u00e8re\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clyst%C3%A8re\" target=\"_blank\">clyst\u00e8res<\/a>. Cependant, ce dernier ne lui injectait en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 rien du tout<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Michel&nbsp;de&nbsp;Montaigne, 1580. <em>Essais<\/em>, Simon&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Millanges<\/span> \u00e9diteur, Bordeaux, Royaume&nbsp;de&nbsp;France. <a title=\"Essais\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/bribes.org\/trismegiste\/montable.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Au demeurant, ces pseudo-clyst\u00e8res soulageaient bel et bien le patient, de sorte qu\u2019un effet avait bien lieu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On parle alors d\u2019effets contextuels : un traitement ne se caract\u00e9rise pas uniquement par son principe actif, mais \u00e9galement par tout son contexte, notamment les attentes du patient ainsi que celles du th\u00e9rapeute. Ces effets contextuels sont variables, mais peuvent avoir une incidence assez spectaculaire et il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019une forme d\u2019illusion, encore moins d\u2019un probl\u00e8me mental : le contexte a clairement une part dans un traitement, \u00e0 tel point que dans certains cas le principe actif lui-m\u00eame n\u2019a pas d\u2019effet suppl\u00e9mentaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Palier ce probl\u00e8me<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00e8s lors, simplement tester un traitement en l\u2019administrant \u00e0 un patient, en lui indiquant que l\u2019on a de bons espoirs quant \u00e0 ce traitement et en constatant que son \u00e9tat s\u2019am\u00e9liore, ne permet pas de d\u00e9terminer si effectivement le principe actif apporte quelque chose de plus que les effets contextuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour rem\u00e9dier \u00e0 cela, on compare les patients trait\u00e9s avec le nouveau traitement \u00e0 un groupe qui ne l\u2019est pas, que l\u2019on nomme groupe de contr\u00f4le. Cependant, le contexte peut diverger, puisque dans un cas les patients re\u00e7oivent un m\u00e9dicament et pas dans l\u2019autre, de sorte que les effets contextuels vont varier. Pour corriger ce probl\u00e8me, on r\u00e9alise sur le groupe de contr\u00f4le un traitement en tout point identique, notamment par la forme, la couleur et l\u2019odeur \u2013 \u00e0 celui test\u00e9, mais pour lequel il n\u2019y a pas de principe actif. On parle alors de <a title=\"Placebo\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Effet_placebo\" target=\"_blank\">placebo<\/a> et de test contre placebo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cependant, selon que l\u2019on indique aux patients qu\u2019ils re\u00e7oivent un m\u00e9dicament en test ou bien un placebo, leurs attentes ne seront pas les m\u00eames, ce qui fait que l\u00e0 encore, le contexte diverge. Les patients test\u00e9s ne sont donc pas inform\u00e9s s\u2019ils se voient administrer le principe actif ou bien le placebo&nbsp;: on parle de simple aveugle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toutefois, le contexte n\u2019est toujours pas identique&nbsp;: si la personne qui administre le traitement sait s\u2019il s\u2019agit ou non du placebo, ses attentes ne sont pas les m\u00eames et son attitude est diff\u00e9rente, m\u00eame involontairement. En cons\u00e9quence, le soignant ne doit pas savoir lui non plus s\u2019il administre le principe actif ou le placebo&nbsp;: on parle alors de double aveugle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Si d\u00e9sormais le contexte est bien le m\u00eame dans tous les cas, il reste un dernier probl\u00e8me \u00e0 r\u00e9gler. En effet, on comprend bien que si, par exemple, un groupe est constitu\u00e9 essentiellement de champions olympiques tandis que l\u2019autre est compos\u00e9 de personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les tests seront biais\u00e9s. Pour \u00e9viter ce probl\u00e8me, il faut avoir un nombre important de sujets et les r\u00e9partir de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce les deux groupes soient comparables. Cet objectif est atteint en r\u00e9alisant cette r\u00e9partition de mani\u00e8re al\u00e9atoire, tout en s\u2019assurant que statistiquement les caract\u00e9ristiques des deux groupes soient \u00e9quivalentes. On parle alors de test randomis\u00e9, de l\u2019anglais \u00ab\u202f<em>random<\/em>\u202f\u00bb signifiant \u00ab\u202fhasard\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une n\u00e9cessaire prudence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour bien discerner quels sont les effets sp\u00e9cifiques d\u2019un principe actif, il est donc n\u00e9cessaire de r\u00e9aliser des essais randomis\u00e9s en doubles aveugles contre placebo ou contre traitement de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. Bien entendu, il existe une proc\u00e9dure en cas d\u2019aggravation de la sant\u00e9 d\u2019un patient participant aux essais, mais le principe global est bien celui expliqu\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contrairement \u00e0 ce qu\u2019on entend dire, une situation d\u2019urgence ne peut jamais justifier de s\u2019affranchir d\u2019une m\u00e9thodologie rigoureuse&nbsp;: un principe actif peut parfaitement ne pas soigner, voir aggraver la sant\u00e9 du patient. Cela a d\u2019ailleurs d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 le cas pour la chloroquine lorsqu\u2019elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 test\u00e9e contre le chikungunya<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Franck&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Touret<\/span> et Xavier&nbsp;de&nbsp;Lamballerie, 2020. \u00ab\u202fOf Chloroquine and COVID-19\u202f\u00bb, <em>Antiviral&nbsp;Research<\/em> 177. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Of Chloroquine and COVID-19\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104762\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104762<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Au-del\u00e0 du chikungunya, apr\u00e8s des tests <em>in&nbsp;vitro<\/em> encourageants, la chloroquine s\u2019est d\u00e9j\u00e0 av\u00e9r\u00e9e inutilisable <em>in&nbsp;vivo<\/em> dans le cas de la dengue, d\u2019Ebola, du SRAS-3 et du VIH, entre autres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Or, la chloroquine peut provoquer des probl\u00e8mes cardiaques, parfois mortels, ainsi que d\u2019autres effets ind\u00e9sirables. Ce n\u2019est pas une substance \u00e0 utiliser avec l\u00e9g\u00e8ret\u00e9. En particulier, <a title=\"Chloroquine\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.inchem.org\/documents\/pims\/pharm\/chloroqu.htm\" target=\"_blank\">la marge de man\u0153uvre qu\u2019elle laisse est tr\u00e8s faible<\/a>, car la dose th\u00e9rapeutique se situe \u00e0 20\u202fmg\u202f\/\u202fkg de masse corporelle en moyenne, pour une dose toxique \u00e0 30\u202fmg\u202f\/\u202fkg et mortelle \u00e0 40\u202fmg\u202f\/\u202fkg. \u00c9galement, sa demi-vie est tr\u00e8s longue, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qu\u2019elle mettra un temps important \u00e0 totalement dispara\u00eetre de l\u2019organisme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Avant de lancer un traitement, il est donc n\u00e9cessaire de bien d\u00e9terminer les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices qu\u2019il apporte r\u00e9ellement, contre les risques qu\u2019il fait courir&nbsp;: c\u2019est ce qu\u2019on appelle la balance b\u00e9n\u00e9fice-risque, laquelle ne peut \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9e qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une m\u00e9thodologie rigoureuse. Il est bien trop dangereux d\u2019administrer des substances actives sans avoir bien d\u00e9termin\u00e9 quelles peuvent en \u00eatre les cons\u00e9quences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une premi\u00e8re \u00e9tude peu concluante<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Peu apr\u00e8s son annonce, l\u2019IHU&nbsp;M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-infection a publi\u00e9 une \u00e9tude sur un essai portant sur l\u2019hydroxychloroquine comme traitement de la Covid-19<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gautret<\/span>, Jean-Christophe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Lagier<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Parola<\/span>, Van&nbsp;Thuang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hoang<\/span>, Line&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Meddeb<\/span>, Morgane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Mailhe<\/span>, Barbara&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Doudier<\/span>, Johan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Courjon<\/span>, Val\u00e9rie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Giordanengo<\/span>, Vera&nbsp;Esteves&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Vieira<\/span>, Herv\u00e9&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Tissot&nbsp;Dupont<\/span>, St\u00e9phane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Honor\u00e9<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Colson<\/span>, Eric&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chabri\u00e8re<\/span>, Bernard&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">La&nbsp;Scola<\/span>, Jean-Marc&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Rolain<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Brouqui<\/span> et Didier&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Raoult<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fHydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial\u202f\u00bb, <em>International&nbsp;Journal&nbsp;of&nbsp;Antimicrobial&nbsp;Agents<\/em>. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>, en l\u2019appliquant sur des patients pr\u00e9sentant plut\u00f4t des sympt\u00f4mes l\u00e9gers. J\u2019invite tous les lecteurs \u00e0 la consulter car cela permet au moins de se rendre compte de ce qui s\u2019y trouve et de ce qui ne s\u2019y trouve pas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le standard en science est de discuter les travaux des uns et des autres. Cela permet d\u2019une part la diffusion de nouveaux r\u00e9sultats, mais \u00e9galement de faciliter la recherche d\u2019erreur. L\u2019apparition d\u2019Internet a d\u2019ailleurs amplifi\u00e9 l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de ce processus de commentaires. Suite \u00e0 la mise \u00e0 disposition de cette \u00e9tude, les sp\u00e9cialistes du sujet l\u2019ont donc imm\u00e9diatement comment\u00e9, <a title=\"La discussion sur PubPeer\" href=\"https:\/\/pubpeer.com\/publications\/B4044A446F35DF81789F6F20F8E0EE#1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">notamment en utilisant la plateforme sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e Pubpeer<\/a>. Encore une fois, je vous invite \u00e0 consulter cette discussion. Entre autres, vous pourrez constater que, contrairement \u00e0 ce qu\u2019on entend dire, il n\u2019y est pas question de l\u2019apparence physique de Didier&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Raoult<\/span>, de sa personnalit\u00e9, ni de savoir s\u2019il est \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur ou \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur du syst\u00e8me. Il n\u2019y est question que de la m\u00e9thodologie et de la qualit\u00e9 statistique de cette publication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Soit dit en passant, remarquons qu\u2019il est contradictoire de dire d\u2019une part que Didier&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Raoult<\/span> est directeur d\u2019unit\u00e9 et un grand professeur admir\u00e9 par ses pairs et d\u2019autre part pr\u00e9tendre qu\u2019il ne fait pas partie du syst\u00e8me. Si Didier&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Raoult<\/span> est bien le sp\u00e9cialiste de renomm\u00e9e internationale que d\u00e9crit Didier&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Raoult<\/span><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Il convient notamment de regarder avec attention le nom de l\u2019auteur de <a title=\"Les scientifiques de l'IHU de Marseille parmi les plus cit\u00e9s du Monde\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.mediapart.fr\/didier-raoult\/blog\/030119\/les-scientifiques-de-l-ihu-de-marseille-parmi-les-plus-cites-du-monde\" target=\"_blank\">l\u2019article au sujet de Didier&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Raoult<\/span><\/a> publi\u00e9 le 3&nbsp;janvier&nbsp;2019 sur la plateforme de blog Club&nbsp;Mediapart.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> alors il fait int\u00e9gralement partie du syst\u00e8me. De toute fa\u00e7on, sa personne n\u2019a aucun int\u00e9r\u00eat en l\u2019esp\u00e8ce. Tout ce qui compte, ce sont les r\u00e9sultats. Il ne sera donc plus question de lui dans la suite de cet article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Justement, l\u2019analyse de la publication montre que l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019IHU&nbsp;M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-infection n\u2019est pas significative. Voici les \u00e9l\u00e9ments les plus essentiels&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>L\u2019\u00e9tude n\u2019est pas randomis\u00e9e en double aveugle contre placebo&nbsp;: un groupe de patients atteint de la Covid-19 a \u00e9t\u00e9 trait\u00e9 avec un m\u00e9lange d\u2019hydoxychloroquine et d\u2019azithromycine (un antibiotique) \u00e0 l\u2019IHU&nbsp;M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-infection, puis les donn\u00e9es obtenues ont \u00e9t\u00e9 compar\u00e9es \u00e0 celles obtenus aupr\u00e8s de patients trait\u00e9s dans un autre \u00e9tablissement et n\u2019ayant re\u00e7u ni hydroxychloroquine, ni azithromycine, la m\u00e9thode de s\u00e9lection de ses patients \u00e9tant peu clair.<\/li><li>L\u2019\u00e9tude porte sur un faible nombre de sujets, \u00e0 savoir 26. Parmi ces sujets, 6 (soit 23\u202f% de l\u2019effectif initial) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 exclus de l\u2019\u00e9tude. Parmi ceux-ci, deux ont arr\u00eat\u00e9 le traitement ou quitt\u00e9 l\u2019h\u00f4pital avant la fin du suivi, ce qui change les caract\u00e9ristiques statistiques du groupe, d\u2019autant plus que la cohorte contenait peu de patient \u00e0 l\u2019origine (on parle de biais d\u2019attrition). Trois ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transf\u00e9r\u00e9s vers une unit\u00e9 de soins intensifs. Enfin, un est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9. Les r\u00e9sultats sont d\u2019autant plus positifs que les cas d\u00e9cevants, qui ici appartenaient tous au groupe trait\u00e9 par l\u2019IHU&nbsp;M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-infection, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retir\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00e9tude.<\/li><li>Le test utilis\u00e9 d\u00e9clare plusieurs patients positifs \u00e0 la Covid-19 un jour, n\u00e9gatifs quelques jours plus tard puis, encore un peu plus tard, de nouveau positifs. C\u2019est un probl\u00e8me que l\u2019on rencontre avec la maladie Covid-19&nbsp;: la charge virale pr\u00e9sente dans le nasopharynx \u00e9volue dans le temps et il n\u2019est pas rare qu\u2019elle soit ind\u00e9tectable dans la phase d\u2019aggravation de la maladie. De nombreuses personnes sont n\u00e9gatives dans les jours pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents leur d\u00e9c\u00e8s, ce qui a d\u2019ailleurs \u00e9t\u00e9 le cas de la personne trait\u00e9e par l\u2019IHU&nbsp;M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-infection et d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e durant cette \u00e9tude. Dans tous les cas, ne se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer qu\u2019\u00e0 la charge virale nasopharyng\u00e9e pour conclure \u00e0 une r\u00e9mission est largement critiquable.<\/li><li>Le groupe trait\u00e9 \u00e0 la chloroquine est compar\u00e9s \u00e0 un groupe de 16 personnes suivis dans un autre \u00e9tablissement, sans aucune garantie que les protocoles permettant d\u2019\u00e9valuer la charge virale soient les m\u00eames ou soient men\u00e9s de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Clairement, cette \u00e9tude ne permet aucune conclusion quant \u00e0 l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du traitement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour une analyse plus en profondeur de cet article, vous pouvez consulter le site <a title=\"Commentaire sur Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/mail.gillibert.fr\/blog\/2020\/03\/22\/commentaire-sur-hydroxychloroquine-and-azithromycin-as-a-treatment-of-covid-19-results-of-an-open-label-non-randomized-clinical-trial\/\" target=\"_blank\">Biostatistics:&nbsp;The&nbsp;Good,&nbsp;the&nbsp;Bad&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Ugly<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9tude pas plus concluante<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le 27&nbsp;mars&nbsp;2020, l\u2019IHU&nbsp;M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-infection a diffus\u00e9 une version pr\u00e9paratoire d\u2019un article qui d\u00e9taille non pas des essais cliniques, mais une observation de 80 cas de patients atteints de Covid-19, une fois de plus pr\u00e9sentant plut\u00f4t des sympt\u00f4mes l\u00e9gers, trait\u00e9s avec un m\u00e9lange d\u2019hydroxychloroquine et d\u2019azithromycine<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gautret<\/span>, Jean-Christophe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Lagier<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Parola<\/span>, Van&nbsp;Thuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hoang<\/span>, Line&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Meddeb<\/span>, Jacques&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Sevestre<\/span>, Morgane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Maihle<\/span>, Barbara&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Doudier<\/span>, Camille&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Aubry<\/span>, Sophie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Amrane<\/span>, Piseth&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Seng<\/span>, Marie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hocquart<\/span>, Julie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Finance<\/span>, Vera&nbsp;Esteves&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Vieira<\/span>, Herv\u00e9&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Tissot&nbsp;Dupont<\/span>, St\u00e9phane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Honor\u00e9<\/span>, Andreas&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Stein<\/span>, Matthieu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Million<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Colson<\/span>, Bernard&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">La&nbsp;Scola<\/span>, V\u00e9ronique&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Veit<\/span>, Alexis&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Jacquier<\/span>, Jean-Claude&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Deharo<\/span>, Michel&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Drancourt<\/span>, Pierre&nbsp;Edouard&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Fournier<\/span>, Jean-Marc&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Rolain<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Brouqui<\/span> et Didier&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Raoult<\/span>, en pr\u00e9paration. \u00ab\u202fHydroxychloroquine-Azithromycin and COVID-19\u202f\u00bb. Texte en anglais. <a title=\"Hydroxychloroquine-Azithromycin and COVID-19\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mediterranee-infection.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/COVID-IHU-2-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. \u00c0 ma connaissance, au 7&nbsp;avril&nbsp;2020, cet article n\u2019a pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 soumis \u00e0 une revue, ni sur un site de pr\u00e9publication. Pour cette \u00e9tude, il n\u2019y avait pas non plus de groupe contr\u00f4le.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Parmi ces cas, 83\u202f% \u00e9taient n\u00e9gatif au test de la Covid-19 apr\u00e8s sept jours de traitement, 93\u202f% \u00e9taient n\u00e9gatifs apr\u00e8s huit jours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cependant, l\u2019article ne d\u00e9taille pas totalement sa m\u00e9thodologie statistique. Par ailleurs, la m\u00e9thode permettant de d\u00e9clarer si les patients sont positifs ou non \u00e0 la maladie change au cours de l\u2019\u00e9tude. En d\u00e9finitive, au vu de la population test\u00e9e et en l\u2019absence de groupe de contr\u00f4le, cette \u00e9tude de cas ne permet toujours pas de conclure quant \u00e0 l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du traitement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thibault&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Fiolet<\/span> <a title=\"Traitements du COVID-19 : hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir... ANALYSE des essais cliniques\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2VN1lSFXUXA\" target=\"_blank\">a publi\u00e9 une vid\u00e9o<\/a> dans laquelle il analyse les deux \u00e9tudes sur la chloroquine comme traitement de la Covid-19 publi\u00e9es par l\u2019IHU&nbsp;M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-infection. Il y parle \u00e9galement des autres pistes de traitements de la Covid-19. \u00c9galement, Maxence&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ouafik<\/span>, sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en sciences m\u00e9dicales, a mis a disposition <a title=\"Place de l'hydroxychloroquine et de l'azithromycine dans la prise en charge du COVID-19\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssmg.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/Actus\/20200402-analyse-chloroquine-MO.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">une analyse de ces deux publications<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une contre-\u00e9tude pas plus significative<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>En r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 ces deux \u00e9tudes, une autre a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 mise \u00e0 disposition le 30&nbsp;mars&nbsp;2020. Elle d\u00e9crit le cas de 11 patients s\u00e9v\u00e8rement atteints par la Covid-19<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jean-Michel&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Molina<\/span>, Constance&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Delaugerre<\/span>, Jerome&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Le&nbsp;Goff<\/span>, Breno&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Mela-Lima<\/span>, Diane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ponscarme<\/span>, Lauriane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Goldwirt<\/span> et Nathalie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">de&nbsp;Castro<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fNo Evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection\u202f\u00bb, <em>M\u00e9decine&nbsp;et&nbsp;Maladies&nbsp;Infectieuses<\/em>. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"No Evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.03.006\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.03.006<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Une fois de plus, il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019un essai clinique et l\u2019\u00e9tude n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e que sur une courte p\u00e9riode (5 jours), le nombre de cas \u00e9tant de toute fa\u00e7on trop faible pour qu\u2019elle soit significative. Toutefois, l\u2019\u00e9tude conclue que le traitement \u00e0 l\u2019hydroxychloroquine n\u2019apporte aucun b\u00e9n\u00e9fice \u00e0 des patients s\u00e9v\u00e8rement atteints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mais que font les Chinois\u202f?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Il est aussi question d\u2019\u00e9tudes chinoises explorant la piste de la chloroquine contre la Covid-19. Qu\u2019en est-il\u202f?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les premi\u00e8res mentions de la piste de la chloroquine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>On trouve bien deux publications indiquant que la piste de la chloroquine est encourageante. L\u2019une sous forme de lettre<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jianjun&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gao<\/span>, Zhenxue&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Tian<\/span> et Xu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yang<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fBreakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies\u202f\u00bb, <em>BioScience Trends<\/em> 14&nbsp;(1), pp.&nbsp;72\u202f\u2013\u202f73. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5582\/bst.2020.01047\" target=\"_blank\">10.5582\/bst.2020.01047<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> ne fournissant pas de donn\u00e9es et donc inexploitable, l\u2019autre sous forme d\u2019un article<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Manli&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Ruiyuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Cao<\/span>, Leike&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span>, Xinglou&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yang<\/span>, Jia&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Mingyue&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xu<\/span>, Zhengli&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Shi<\/span>, Zhihong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span>, Wu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhong<\/span> et Gengfu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xiao<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fRemdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro\u202f\u00bb, <em>Cell&nbsp;Research<\/em> 30, pp.&nbsp;269\u202f\u2013\u202f271. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> relatant des essais <em>in&nbsp;vitro<\/em> \u2013 or, comme nous l\u2019avons vu, des r\u00e9sultats encourageant <em>in&nbsp;vitro<\/em> n\u2019impliquent pas n\u00e9cessairement que le traitement sera exploitable <em>in&nbsp;vivo<\/em>. Ceci est bien trop faible pour affirmer qu\u2019un traitement a \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Des \u00e9tudes de cas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Cependant, on trouve des \u00e9tudes chinoises de plus grande envergure, deux publi\u00e9es dans <em>The&nbsp;Lancet<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Chaolin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Huang<\/span>, Yeming&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Xingwang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Lili&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ren<\/span>, Jianping&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhao<\/span>, Yi&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span>, Li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span>, Guohui&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Fan<\/span>, Jiuyang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xu<\/span>, Xiaoying&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gu<\/span>, Zhenshun&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Cheng<\/span>, Ting&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yu<\/span>, Jiaan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xia<\/span>, Yuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wei<\/span>, Wenjuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wu<\/span>, Xuelei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xie<\/span>, Wen&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yin<\/span>, Hui&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Min&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Yan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xiao<\/span>, Hong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gao<\/span>, Li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Guo<\/span>, Jungang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xie<\/span>, Guangfa&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Rongmeng&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Jiang<\/span>, Zhancheng&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gao<\/span>, Qi&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Jin<\/span>, Jianwei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span> et Bin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Cao<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fClinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China\u202f\u00bb, <em>The&nbsp;Lancet<\/em> 395&nbsp;(10\u202f223), pp.&nbsp;497\u202f\u2013\u202f506. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>&nbsp;<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Nanshan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chen<\/span>, Min&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhou<\/span>, Xuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Dong<\/span>, Jieming&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Qu<\/span>, Fengyun&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gong<\/span>, Yang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Han<\/span>, Yang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Qiu<\/span>, Jingi&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Ying&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Yuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wei<\/span>, Jia\u2019an&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xia<\/span>, Ting&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yu<\/span>, Xinxin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span> et Li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fEpidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study\u202f\u00bb, <em>The&nbsp;Lancet<\/em> 395&nbsp;(10\u202f223), pp.&nbsp;507\u202f\u2013\u202f513. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> et une dans <em>The&nbsp;New&nbsp;England&nbsp;Journal&nbsp;of&nbsp;Medicine<\/em><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Wei-jei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Guan<\/span>, Zheng-yi&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ni<\/span>, Yu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span>, Wen-hua&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liang<\/span>, Chun-quan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ou<\/span>, Jian-xing&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">He<\/span>, Lei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Hong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Shan<\/span>, Chun-Liang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Lei<\/span>, David&nbsp;S.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hui<\/span>, Bin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Du<\/span>, Lan-juan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Guang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zeng<\/span>, Kwok-Yung&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yuen<\/span>, Ru-chong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chen<\/span>, Chun-li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Tang<\/span>, Tao&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Ping-yan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chen<\/span>, Jie&nbsp;Xiang, Shi-yue&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Jin-lin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Zi-jing&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liang<\/span>, Yi-xiang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Peng<\/span>, Li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wei<\/span>, Yong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Ya-hua&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span>, Peng&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Peng<\/span>, Jian-ming&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Ji-yang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Zhong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chen<\/span>, Gang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Zhi-jian&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zheng<\/span>, Shao-qin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Qiu<\/span>, Jie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Luo<\/span>, Chang-jiang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ye<\/span>, Shao-yong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhu<\/span> et Nan-shan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhong<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fClinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China\u202f\u00bb, <em>New&nbsp;England&nbsp;Journal&nbsp;of&nbsp;Medicine<\/em>. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032\" target=\"_blank\">10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Ces articles d\u00e9crivent la prise en charge de nombreux patients atteints de la Covid-19. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019\u00e9tudes que l\u2019on qualifie d\u2019observatoires : contrairement aux essais cliniques, le propos n\u2019est pas de tester un traitement, mais de d\u00e9crire les sympt\u00f4mes et l\u2019\u00e9volution de la maladie. Cela permet de mettre \u00e0 disposition des informations pr\u00e9cieuses pour le personnel soignant. Toutefois, une telle \u00e9tude est insuffisante pour renseigner un traitement sp\u00e9cifique et de toute fa\u00e7on dans les \u00e9tudes en question l\u2019usage de la chloroquine est ponctuel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u2019exploration de la piste de la chloroquine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>En revanche, il existe une \u00e9tude chinoise indiquant qu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas de diff\u00e9rence significative entre des patients atteints de la Covid-19 et trait\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019hydroxychloroquine comparativement aux patients ne suivant pas ce traitement<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Chen&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Jun<\/span>, Liu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Danping<\/span>, Liu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Liu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ping<\/span>, Xu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Qingnian<\/span>, Xia&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Lu<\/span>, Ling&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yun<\/span>, Huang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Dan<\/span>, Song&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Shuli<\/span>, Zhang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Dandan<\/span>, Qian&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhiping<\/span>, Li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Tao<\/span>, Shen&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yinzhong<\/span> et Lu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hongzhou<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fA pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)\u202f\u00bb, Journal&nbsp;of&nbsp;ZheJiang&nbsp;University&nbsp;(Medical&nbsp;Sciences) 49&nbsp;(1). Texte en anglais. <a title=\"A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.zjujournals.com\/med\/EN\/10.3785\/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.03.03\" target=\"_blank\">Disponible en ligne.<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finalement, les r\u00e9sultats d\u2019un essai clinique de l\u2019hydroxychloroquine ont bien \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9-publi\u00e9es le 30&nbsp;mars&nbsp;2020<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Zhaowei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chen<\/span>, Jijia&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span>, Zongwei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span>, Shan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Jiang<\/span>, Shoumeng&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Han<\/span>, Dandan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yan<\/span>, Ruhong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zuhang<\/span>, Ben&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span> et Zhan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span>, en pr\u00e9paration. \u00ab\u202fEfficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial\u202f\u00bb. Texte en anglais. Medrxiv DOI: <a title=\"Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.03.22.20040758v1\" target=\"_blank\">10.1101\/2020.03.22.20040758<\/a>. Non expertis\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>. Le protocole consiste en un suivi de 6 jours \u2013 en mesurant l\u2019\u00e9tat des patients avant le traitement, puis apr\u00e8s 5 jours de traitement \u2013 de l\u2019impact de 400\u202fmg d\u2019hydroxychloroquine quotidien chez des patients pr\u00e9sentant une pneumonie l\u00e9g\u00e8re (avec toux et fi\u00e8vre). Ceci doit permettre d\u2019estimer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 d\u2019un traitement \u00e0 l\u2019hydroxychloroquine sur l\u2019am\u00e9lioration des sympt\u00f4mes l\u00e9gers dans l\u2019optique d\u2019\u00e9viter leur aggravation et donc le passage en service de r\u00e9animation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u00eame si cette \u00e9tude pr\u00e9tend \u00eatre en double aveugle contre placebo, ce n\u2019est pas le cas&nbsp;: les deux groupes ont re\u00e7u les m\u00eame soins \u00e0 cette diff\u00e9rence qu\u2019un groupe a re\u00e7u en plus de la chloroquine, tandis que le groupe de contr\u00f4le n\u2019a pas re\u00e7u de placebo. Il s\u2019agit donc d\u2019une \u00e9tude ouverte. Par ailleurs, elle porte sur un \u00e9chantillon assez faible, \u00e0 savoir 31 sujets dans le groupe de contr\u00f4le et 31 dans le groupe trait\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019hydroxychloroquine. De plus, sa dur\u00e9e est plut\u00f4t courte, 6 jours donc, alors qu\u2019il est aujourd\u2019hui mis en \u00e9vidence que l\u2019\u00e9volution vers une forme grave est fr\u00e9quence apr\u00e8s 6 \u00e0 10 jours et ce malgr\u00e9 une fr\u00e9quente am\u00e9lioration clinique transitoire avant aggravation. Par ailleurs, les cas les plus graves \u2013 c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire les cas n\u00e9cessitants le plus un traitement dans la mesure o\u00f9, on l\u2019a vu, les cas b\u00e9nins tendent \u00e0 gu\u00e9rir spontan\u00e9ment \u2013 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 exclus de l\u2019\u00e9tude&nbsp;: pendant la p\u00e9riode d\u2019inclusion dans l\u2019\u00e9tude 142 patients \u00e9taient confirm\u00e9s comme atteints de la Covid-19 et la raison pour laquelle la cohorte a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duite \u00e0 62 sujets n\u2019est pas claire. En revanche, les effets secondaires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 renseign\u00e9s&nbsp;: deux cas peu grave de migraine et d\u2019\u00e9ruption cutan\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les r\u00e9sultats avanc\u00e9s par l\u2019\u00e9tude sont les suivants&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>r\u00e9duction d\u2019une journ\u00e9e de la dur\u00e9e moyenne de la fi\u00e8vre \u2013 toutefois, dans le cadre de la Covid-19, ce crit\u00e8re n\u2019est pas n\u00e9cessairement cliniquement significatif\u202f;<\/li><li>r\u00e9duction d\u2019une journ\u00e9e de la dur\u00e9e moyenne de la toux\u202f;<\/li><li>l\u00e9g\u00e8re am\u00e9lioration de l\u2019\u00e9volution de la pneumonie.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>En plus des d\u00e9fauts m\u00e9thodologiques d\u00e9j\u00e0 relev\u00e9s, l\u2019\u00e9volution des pneumonies a \u00e9t\u00e9 suivie uniquement de mani\u00e8re radiographique et les autres crit\u00e8res possibles (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gazom%C3%A9trie_art%C3%A9rielle\" target=\"_blank\">gazom\u00e9trie art\u00e9rielle<\/a><span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L\u2019analyse de la gazom\u00e9trie art\u00e9rielle est un examen tr\u00e8s utilis\u00e9 en pneumologie et en r\u00e9animation. Il consiste \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter les gaz dissous dans le sang et permet d\u2019\u00e9valuer la fonction respiratoire d\u2019un patient.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script> par exemple) n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 pris en compte. De plus, la m\u00e9thodologie ne permet pas de tirer de conclusion sur l\u2019impact de l\u2019hydroxychloroquine sur la contagiosit\u00e9 des patients apr\u00e8s le traitement. Par ailleurs, des facteurs de risques existant, tel que le tabagisme ou une grossesse, ne sont pas indiqu\u00e9s alors que ces derniers peuvent impacter les r\u00e9sultats\u202f; on ne peut donc pas totalement s\u2019assurer de l\u2019homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des deux groupes. D\u2019ailleurs, l\u2019\u00e9tude ne porte que sur des patients relativement jeunes avec des sympt\u00f4mes l\u00e9gers alors qu\u2019il aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 int\u00e9ressant de comparer les r\u00e9sultats avec ceux de patients plus \u00e2g\u00e9s et plus gravement atteints, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire, une fois encore, ceux qui n\u00e9cessitent le plus une prise en charge. En d\u00e9finitive, il est fortement probable que l\u2019\u00e9chantillon de l\u2019\u00e9tude ne soit pas repr\u00e9sentatif. Enfin, le faible nombre de patients rend de toute fa\u00e7on difficile l\u2019extrapolation des r\u00e9sultats \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble de la population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En d\u00e9finitive, si cette \u00e9tude conclue \u00e0 une l\u00e9g\u00e8re am\u00e9lioration des sympt\u00f4mes, celle-ci est anecdotique et l\u2019\u00e9tude est faible d\u2019un point de vue m\u00e9thodologique et statistique. Par ailleurs, elle rel\u00e8ve elle-m\u00eame que la balance entre b\u00e9n\u00e9fice (gain d\u2019une journ\u00e9e sur certains sympt\u00f4mes) et risque (effets secondaires variables) reste peu claire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antoine&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Vanier<\/span>, sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en m\u00e9thodologie clinique et biostatistique, a mis \u00e0 disposition une analyse de cette \u00e9tude<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_3803_1('footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Antoine&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Vanier<\/span>, 2020. <em>Rapport interne sur la qualit\u00e9 m\u00e9thodologique de l\u2019\u00e9tude \u00ab\u202fEfficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial\u202f\u00bb<\/em>, INSERM. <a title=\"Rapport interne sur la qualit\u00e9 m\u00e9thodologique de l\u2019\u00e9tude \u00ab\u202fEfficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial\u202f\u00bb\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1CzVjvvzsb96klNi5NB40hJ0-WedmcOFF\/view\" target=\"_blank\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_3803_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top right', relative: true, offset: [10, 10], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tout cela pris en compte, les \u00e9tudes chinoises ne conduisent pas \u00e0 \u00eatre particuli\u00e8rement optimiste quant \u00e0 la piste de la chloroquine comme traitement de la Covid-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une attitude rationnelle&nbsp;: la prudence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un probl\u00e8me de m\u00e9thodologie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vous l\u2019avez constat\u00e9&nbsp;: la plupart des \u00e9tudes cit\u00e9es dans cet article ne sont pas concluantes. Il y a deux raisons majeures \u00e0 cela.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La premi\u00e8re, c\u2019est que les publications scientifiques \u0153uvrent \u00e0 la communication entre les diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9quipes de chercheurs. Pour ces \u00e9quipes, il est tr\u00e8s utile de savoir quelles pistes sont explor\u00e9es et si ces pistes semblent pouvoir se r\u00e9v\u00e9ler fructueuses. Lorsqu\u2019une \u00e9quipe constate qu\u2019une piste ne donne rien de bien probant, c\u2019est une information utile pour les autres \u00e9quipes travaillant sur le m\u00eame sujet. En revanche, il convient de communiquer avec beaucoup de soin et de prudence sur de telles \u00e9tudes lorsque l\u2019on s\u2019adresse \u00e0 des non-sp\u00e9cialistes, ceci afin d\u2019\u00e9viter les risques de confusion. G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, dans un tel contexte, il est m\u00eame pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable de ne pas parler de ces \u00e9tudes non-significatives, car pour quelqu\u2019un ne travaillant pas sur le sujet elles n\u2019apportent tout simplement pas d\u2019information. En p\u00e9riode de crise, o\u00f9 une mauvaise information peut avoir de tr\u00e8s mauvaises cons\u00e9quences, il convient de redoubler de prudence dans la communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Or, dans la communication au sujet de la chloroquine, certaines \u00e9quipes se sont affranchies de toute prudence. On peut s\u2019en prendre aux m\u00e9dias g\u00e9n\u00e9ralistes, leur reprocher de s\u2019\u00eatre focalis\u00e9s sur des \u00e9tudes qui ne le m\u00e9ritaient pas, mais le fait est que la communication de certaines sp\u00e9cialistes \u00e9tait tout simplement incompr\u00e9hensible. En toute logique, les m\u00e9dias g\u00e9n\u00e9ralistes ni ont donc rien compris, entra\u00eenant une importante confusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le chercheur a une responsabilit\u00e9 dans sa communication publique. Certains se sont affranchis de cette responsabilit\u00e9 pour mettre en avant leurs travaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La deuxi\u00e8me raison est que certaines \u00e9quipes tendent \u00e0 s\u2019affranchir d\u2019au moins une partie de la rigueur n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 une \u00e9tude scientifique. Il en r\u00e9sulte que r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement on voit passer des \u00e9tudes de mauvaise qualit\u00e9. G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, elles ne passent pas la barri\u00e8re de la relecture par les pairs. Certaines, n\u00e9anmoins, sont tout de m\u00eame publi\u00e9es. Le m\u00e9canisme de relectures et de r\u00e9\u00e9valuations permanentes permet aux acteurs de la discipline d\u2019identifier ces cas probl\u00e9matiques. Cependant, dans le cas de la Covid-19, on a parl\u00e9 de telles \u00e9tudes sans attendre que ce processus op\u00e8re et ces \u00e9tudes bancales ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en avant, ajoutant \u00e0 la confusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces derniers temps une opinion semble gagner en popularit\u00e9, selon laquelle il existerait des circonstances qui justifieraient que l\u2019on s\u2019affranchisse de la m\u00e9thode scientifique, voir que cette derni\u00e8re serait une entrave. Pourtant, la situation actuelle ne plaide pas du tout en faveur de cette opinion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La m\u00e9thode scientifique s\u2019est notamment construite sur la minimisation syst\u00e9matique de l\u2019erreur, car tout le monde fait des erreurs. Il faut en \u00eatre conscient et s\u2019armer pour pouvoir les identifier. Par ailleurs, cet article tente de montrer que, m\u00eame en temps de crise, on peut r\u00e9aliser une communication pr\u00e9cise et prudente. \u00c9galement, il y a, au moment o\u00f9 je r\u00e9dige ces lignes, des \u00e9quipes qui travaillent sur un traitement contre la Covid-19 en usant d\u2019une m\u00e9thodologie solide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chloroquine et cons\u00e9quences<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Au moment de la r\u00e9daction de ses lignes, on ne peut pas affirmer que la chloroquine est un traitement efficace contre la Covid-19, ni le contraire d\u2019ailleurs. Il faut attendre au moins les r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019essai clinique Discovery, <a title=\"Launch of a European clinical trial against COVID-19\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/presse.inserm.fr\/en\/launch-of-a-european-clinical-trial-against-covid-19\/38737\/\" target=\"_blank\">des tests de grandes envergures qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9 dans toute l\u2019Europe<\/a>, pour avoir de l\u2019information fiable sur l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des traitements envisag\u00e9s. M\u00eame avec une \u00e9tude aussi large, il est probable que des incertitudes persistes. Profitons-en pour rappeler que l\u2019\u00e9quipe de l\u2019IHU&nbsp;M\u00e9dit\u00e9rann\u00e9e-infection est loin d\u2019\u00eatre la seule \u00e0 travailler sur la question et que <a title=\"Covid et c\/hc\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.infectiologie.com\/fr\/actualites\/covid-et-c-hc_-n.html\" target=\"_blank\">l\u2019hydroxychloroquine ne constitue que l\u2019une des pistes de traitement de la maladie.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cependant, la communication sur la chloroquine a pour effet d\u2019<a title=\"Les m\u00e9decins face \u00e0 la demande de chloroquine des patients\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/direct\/element\/les-medecins-face-a-la-demande-de-chloroquine-des-patients_111359\/\" target=\"_blank\">ajouter encore plus de pression aux \u00e9quipes soignantes<\/a> et de provoquer des <a title=\"La surdose mortelle \u00e0 la chloroquine expliqu\u00e9e en sept questions\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/sante\/article\/2020\/03\/27\/la-surdose-mortelle-a-la-chloroquine-expliquee-en-sept-questions_6034694_1651302.html\" target=\"_blank\">actes irrationnels de prise de substances au seul motif qu\u2019il y a \u00e9crit \u00ab\u202fchloroquine\u202f\u00bb dessus<\/a>. \u00c9galement, des <a title=\"Le buzz sur la chloroquinefreine l'essai clinique europ\u00e9en Discovery\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/france\/2020\/03\/26\/le-buzz-sur-la-chloroquine-freine-l-essai-clinique-europeen-discovery_1783176\" target=\"_blank\">t\u00e9moignages (qu\u2019il ne faut donc pas g\u00e9n\u00e9raliser abusivement) \u00e9manant d\u2019\u00e9quipes participant \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude Discovery<\/a> indiquent que la m\u00e9diatisation de la chloroquine a conduit \u00e0 voir des volontaires voulant absolument faire partie du groupe trait\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019hydroxychloroquine \u00e0 l\u2019exclusion de tout autre, au m\u00e9pris de la m\u00e9thodologie. Une chance dans notre malheur&nbsp;: le nombre de patients est malheureusement \u00e9lev\u00e9 et en cons\u00e9quence il y a suffisamment de volontaires pour simplement \u00e9carter ceux qui viennent avec de tels exigences. Plus encore, cette communication catastrophique est <a title=\"Coronavirus : comment le professeur Didier RAOULT est devenu une figure centrale des th\u00e9ories complotistes\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/pixels\/article\/2020\/03\/28\/comment-didier-raoult-est-devenu-la-nouvelle-egerie-des-complotistes_6034761_4408996.html\" target=\"_blank\">le moteur de nombreuses th\u00e9ories complotistes<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il faut garder en t\u00eate qu\u2019au 7&nbsp;avril&nbsp;2020 aucun \u00e9l\u00e9ment ne permet de d\u00e9terminer si la chloroquine est utile dans le traitement de la Covid-19 et si elle pr\u00e9sente une balance entre b\u00e9n\u00e9fices et risques positive. C\u2019est notamment la raison pour laquelle <a title=\"Covid-19 : y a-t-il une place pour l\u2019hydroxychloroquine\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnge.fr\/conseil_scientifique\/productions_du_conseil_scientifique\/covid_19_y_t_il_une_place_pour_lhydroxychloroquine\/\" target=\"_blank\">les recommandations aux m\u00e9decins g\u00e9n\u00e9ralistes sont, en l\u2019\u00e9tat actuel des connaissances, de ne pas prescrire de chloroquine en cas de sympt\u00f4mes de Covid-19<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, si toutefois la chloroquine devait se r\u00e9v\u00e9ler efficace, il faut bien prendre en compte le fait qu\u2019il existe des contre-indications \u00e0 son usage, de sorte que la prescription ne saurait en aucune mani\u00e8re \u00eatre automatis\u00e9e. En cas de sympt\u00f4mes de la Covid-19, il convient donc de ne pas forcer la main son m\u00e9decin pour le faire prescrire une quelconque variante de la chloroquine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En tout \u00e9tat de cause, au 7&nbsp;avril&nbsp;2020, il n\u2019existe pas de traitement av\u00e9r\u00e9 de la Covid-19 et la seule m\u00e9thode ayant une chance de limiter la saturation des h\u00f4pitaux est de respecter le confinement et les gestes barri\u00e8res.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Par ailleurs, Thibault&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Fiolet<\/span> a fait une synth\u00e8se tr\u00e8s compl\u00e8te de l\u2019ensemble des connaissances actuelles sur la Covid-19, <a title=\"SYNTH\u00c8SE des informations scientifiques sur le SRAS-COV-2\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/quoidansmonassiette.fr\/covid-19-analyse-synthese-informations-fiables-symptome-dynamique-epidemie-traitement\/\" target=\"_blank\">sous forme d\u2019un diaporama t\u00e9l\u00e9chargeable<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour finir, signalons que le <a title=\"Caf\u00e9 des sciences\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cafe-sciences.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Caf\u00e9&nbsp;des&nbsp;sciences<\/a> maintient \u00e0 jour <a title=\"COVID-19 : ressources\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cafe-sciences.org\/covid-19-ressources\/\" target=\"_blank\">une liste de ressources sur la Covid-19<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Remerciements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Je remercie mes camarades du Caf\u00e9&nbsp;des&nbsp;sciences qui ont relus cet article&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Thibault&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Fiolet<\/span>, sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et \u00e9valuation des risques alimentaires, <a title=\"Quoi dans mon assiette ?\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/quoidansmonassiette.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Quoi&nbsp;dans&nbsp;mon&nbsp;assiette\u202f?<\/a>\u202f;<\/li><li>Jean, sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en cryosph\u00e8re, <a title=\"I Need space\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCW-Qte750fJkyM-geafGf2Q\" target=\"_blank\">I&nbsp;Need&nbsp;space<\/a>\u202f;<\/li><li>Cyril&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Vidal<\/span>, chirurgien-dentiste, <a title=\"Dans les dents\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCL-qPiVsxCEFg8FeBsTY4Jw\" target=\"_blank\">Dans&nbsp;les&nbsp;dents<\/a>\u202f;<\/li><li>Corentin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Lacroix<\/span>, m\u00e9decin, <a title=\"Why Doc\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whydoc.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Why&nbsp;Doc<\/a>\u202f;<\/li><li>Erik&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gustafsson<\/span>, psychologue, <a title=\"Science pour parents\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencepourparents.fr\/\" target=\"_blank\">Science&nbsp;pour&nbsp;parents<\/a>\u202f;<\/li><li>Nicolas&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Minier<\/span>, sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en bioing\u00e9nierie, <a title=\"BioRev\u00b3\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCtBB-Zq3v2ncoq3CoobrY_g\" target=\"_blank\">BioRev\u00b3<\/a>\u202f;<\/li><li>Marc&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Robinson-Rechavi<\/span>, sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en bio-informatique, <a title=\"Tout se passe comme si\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/toutsepassecommesi.cafe-sciences.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">Tout&nbsp;se&nbsp;passe&nbsp;comme&nbsp;si<\/a>.<\/li><\/ul>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_3803_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_3803_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_3803_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_3803_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Josephine&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ma<\/span>, 13&nbsp;mars&nbsp;2020. \u00ab\u202fCoronavirus: China\u2019s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17\u202f\u00bb, South&nbsp;China&nbsp;Morning&nbsp;Post. Texte en anglais. <a title=\"Coronavirus: China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/society\/article\/3074991\/coronavirus-chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 (OMS), 11 mars 2020. <cite>Allocution liminaire du Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l\u2019OMS lors \u200edu point presse sur la COVID-19<\/cite>, OMS. <a title=\"Allocution liminaire du Directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'OMS lors \u200edu point presse sur la COVID-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/fr\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Michel&nbsp;de&nbsp;Montaigne, 1580. <em>Essais<\/em>, Simon&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Millanges<\/span> \u00e9diteur, Bordeaux, Royaume&nbsp;de&nbsp;France. <a title=\"Essais\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/bribes.org\/trismegiste\/montable.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Franck&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Touret<\/span> et Xavier&nbsp;de&nbsp;Lamballerie, 2020. \u00ab\u202fOf Chloroquine and COVID-19\u202f\u00bb, <em>Antiviral&nbsp;Research<\/em> 177. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Of Chloroquine and COVID-19\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104762\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104762<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gautret<\/span>, Jean-Christophe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Lagier<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Parola<\/span>, Van&nbsp;Thuang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hoang<\/span>, Line&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Meddeb<\/span>, Morgane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Mailhe<\/span>, Barbara&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Doudier<\/span>, Johan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Courjon<\/span>, Val\u00e9rie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Giordanengo<\/span>, Vera&nbsp;Esteves&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Vieira<\/span>, Herv\u00e9&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Tissot&nbsp;Dupont<\/span>, St\u00e9phane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Honor\u00e9<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Colson<\/span>, Eric&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chabri\u00e8re<\/span>, Bernard&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">La&nbsp;Scola<\/span>, Jean-Marc&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Rolain<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Brouqui<\/span> et Didier&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Raoult<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fHydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial\u202f\u00bb, <em>International&nbsp;Journal&nbsp;of&nbsp;Antimicrobial&nbsp;Agents<\/em>. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Il convient notamment de regarder avec attention le nom de l\u2019auteur de <a title=\"Les scientifiques de l'IHU de Marseille parmi les plus cit\u00e9s du Monde\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.mediapart.fr\/didier-raoult\/blog\/030119\/les-scientifiques-de-l-ihu-de-marseille-parmi-les-plus-cites-du-monde\" target=\"_blank\">l\u2019article au sujet de Didier&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Raoult<\/span><\/a> publi\u00e9 le 3&nbsp;janvier&nbsp;2019 sur la plateforme de blog Club&nbsp;Mediapart.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gautret<\/span>, Jean-Christophe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Lagier<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Parola<\/span>, Van&nbsp;Thuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hoang<\/span>, Line&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Meddeb<\/span>, Jacques&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Sevestre<\/span>, Morgane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Maihle<\/span>, Barbara&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Doudier<\/span>, Camille&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Aubry<\/span>, Sophie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Amrane<\/span>, Piseth&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Seng<\/span>, Marie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hocquart<\/span>, Julie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Finance<\/span>, Vera&nbsp;Esteves&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Vieira<\/span>, Herv\u00e9&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Tissot&nbsp;Dupont<\/span>, St\u00e9phane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Honor\u00e9<\/span>, Andreas&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Stein<\/span>, Matthieu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Million<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Colson<\/span>, Bernard&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">La&nbsp;Scola<\/span>, V\u00e9ronique&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Veit<\/span>, Alexis&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Jacquier<\/span>, Jean-Claude&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Deharo<\/span>, Michel&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Drancourt<\/span>, Pierre&nbsp;Edouard&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Fournier<\/span>, Jean-Marc&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Rolain<\/span>, Philippe&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Brouqui<\/span> et Didier&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Raoult<\/span>, en pr\u00e9paration. \u00ab\u202fHydroxychloroquine-Azithromycin and COVID-19\u202f\u00bb. Texte en anglais. <a title=\"Hydroxychloroquine-Azithromycin and COVID-19\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mediterranee-infection.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/COVID-IHU-2-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jean-Michel&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Molina<\/span>, Constance&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Delaugerre<\/span>, Jerome&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Le&nbsp;Goff<\/span>, Breno&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Mela-Lima<\/span>, Diane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ponscarme<\/span>, Lauriane&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Goldwirt<\/span> et Nathalie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">de&nbsp;Castro<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fNo Evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection\u202f\u00bb, <em>M\u00e9decine&nbsp;et&nbsp;Maladies&nbsp;Infectieuses<\/em>. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"No Evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.03.006\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.03.006<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jianjun&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gao<\/span>, Zhenxue&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Tian<\/span> et Xu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yang<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fBreakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies\u202f\u00bb, <em>BioScience Trends<\/em> 14&nbsp;(1), pp.&nbsp;72\u202f\u2013\u202f73. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5582\/bst.2020.01047\" target=\"_blank\">10.5582\/bst.2020.01047<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Manli&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Ruiyuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Cao<\/span>, Leike&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span>, Xinglou&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yang<\/span>, Jia&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Mingyue&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xu<\/span>, Zhengli&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Shi<\/span>, Zhihong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span>, Wu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhong<\/span> et Gengfu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xiao<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fRemdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro\u202f\u00bb, <em>Cell&nbsp;Research<\/em> 30, pp.&nbsp;269\u202f\u2013\u202f271. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0\" target=\"_blank\">10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Chaolin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Huang<\/span>, Yeming&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Xingwang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Lili&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ren<\/span>, Jianping&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhao<\/span>, Yi&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span>, Li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span>, Guohui&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Fan<\/span>, Jiuyang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xu<\/span>, Xiaoying&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gu<\/span>, Zhenshun&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Cheng<\/span>, Ting&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yu<\/span>, Jiaan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xia<\/span>, Yuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wei<\/span>, Wenjuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wu<\/span>, Xuelei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xie<\/span>, Wen&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yin<\/span>, Hui&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Min&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Yan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xiao<\/span>, Hong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gao<\/span>, Li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Guo<\/span>, Jungang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xie<\/span>, Guangfa&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Rongmeng&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Jiang<\/span>, Zhancheng&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gao<\/span>, Qi&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Jin<\/span>, Jianwei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span> et Bin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Cao<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fClinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China\u202f\u00bb, <em>The&nbsp;Lancet<\/em> 395&nbsp;(10\u202f223), pp.&nbsp;497\u202f\u2013\u202f506. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Nanshan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chen<\/span>, Min&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhou<\/span>, Xuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Dong<\/span>, Jieming&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Qu<\/span>, Fengyun&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Gong<\/span>, Yang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Han<\/span>, Yang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Qiu<\/span>, Jingi&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Ying&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Yuan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wei<\/span>, Jia\u2019an&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Xia<\/span>, Ting&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yu<\/span>, Xinxin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span> et Li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fEpidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study\u202f\u00bb, <em>The&nbsp;Lancet<\/em> 395&nbsp;(10\u202f223), pp.&nbsp;507\u202f\u2013\u202f513. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7\" target=\"_blank\">10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Wei-jei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Guan<\/span>, Zheng-yi&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ni<\/span>, Yu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span>, Wen-hua&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liang<\/span>, Chun-quan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ou<\/span>, Jian-xing&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">He<\/span>, Lei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Hong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Shan<\/span>, Chun-Liang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Lei<\/span>, David&nbsp;S.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hui<\/span>, Bin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Du<\/span>, Lan-juan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Guang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zeng<\/span>, Kwok-Yung&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yuen<\/span>, Ru-chong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chen<\/span>, Chun-li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Tang<\/span>, Tao&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Ping-yan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chen<\/span>, Jie&nbsp;Xiang, Shi-yue&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Jin-lin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Zi-jing&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liang<\/span>, Yi-xiang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Peng<\/span>, Li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wei<\/span>, Yong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Ya-hua&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span>, Peng&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Peng<\/span>, Jian-ming&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Wang<\/span>, Ji-yang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Liu<\/span>, Zhong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chen<\/span>, Gang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Zhi-jian&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zheng<\/span>, Shao-qin&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Qiu<\/span>, Jie&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Luo<\/span>, Chang-jiang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ye<\/span>, Shao-yong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhu<\/span> et Nan-shan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhong<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fClinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China\u202f\u00bb, <em>New&nbsp;England&nbsp;Journal&nbsp;of&nbsp;Medicine<\/em>. Texte en anglais. DOI&nbsp;: <a title=\"Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032\" target=\"_blank\">10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Chen&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Jun<\/span>, Liu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Danping<\/span>, Liu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Li<\/span>, Liu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Ping<\/span>, Xu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Qingnian<\/span>, Xia&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Lu<\/span>, Ling&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yun<\/span>, Huang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Dan<\/span>, Song&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Shuli<\/span>, Zhang&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Dandan<\/span>, Qian&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhiping<\/span>, Li&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Tao<\/span>, Shen&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yinzhong<\/span> et Lu&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hongzhou<\/span>, 2020. \u00ab\u202fA pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)\u202f\u00bb, Journal&nbsp;of&nbsp;ZheJiang&nbsp;University&nbsp;(Medical&nbsp;Sciences) 49&nbsp;(1). Texte en anglais. <a title=\"A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.zjujournals.com\/med\/EN\/10.3785\/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.03.03\" target=\"_blank\">Disponible en ligne.<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Zhaowei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Chen<\/span>, Jijia&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span>, Zongwei&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span>, Shan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Jiang<\/span>, Shoumeng&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Han<\/span>, Dandan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Yan<\/span>, Ruhong&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zuhang<\/span>, Ben&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Hu<\/span> et Zhan&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Zhang<\/span>, en pr\u00e9paration. \u00ab\u202fEfficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial\u202f\u00bb. Texte en anglais. Medrxiv DOI: <a title=\"Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.03.22.20040758v1\" target=\"_blank\">10.1101\/2020.03.22.20040758<\/a>. Non expertis\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L\u2019analyse de la gazom\u00e9trie art\u00e9rielle est un examen tr\u00e8s utilis\u00e9 en pneumologie et en r\u00e9animation. Il consiste \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter les gaz dissous dans le sang et permet d\u2019\u00e9valuer la fonction respiratoire d\u2019un patient.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_3803_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_3803_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Antoine&nbsp;<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps;\">Vanier<\/span>, 2020. <em>Rapport interne sur la qualit\u00e9 m\u00e9thodologique de l\u2019\u00e9tude \u00ab\u202fEfficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial\u202f\u00bb<\/em>, INSERM. <a title=\"Rapport interne sur la qualit\u00e9 m\u00e9thodologique de l\u2019\u00e9tude \u00ab\u202fEfficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial\u202f\u00bb\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1CzVjvvzsb96klNi5NB40hJ0-WedmcOFF\/view\" target=\"_blank\">Disponible en ligne<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_3803_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_3803_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_3803_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_3803_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_3803_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_3803_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_3803_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_3803_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_3803_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_3803_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_3803_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_3803_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_3803_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_3803_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cet article est r\u00e9dig\u00e9 dans un contexte un peu particulier, pour tout dire assez dramatique&nbsp;: apr\u00e8s un premier malade d\u00e9clar\u00e9 le 17&nbsp;novembre&nbsp;20191Josephine&nbsp;Ma, 13&nbsp;mars&nbsp;2020. \u00ab\u202fCoronavirus: China\u2019s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17\u202f\u00bb, South&nbsp;China&nbsp;Morning&nbsp;Post. Texte en anglais. Disponible en ligne., une pand\u00e9mie2Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 (OMS), 11 mars 2020. Allocution liminaire du Directeur &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/le-bars.net\/yoann\/fr\/2020\/04\/07\/un-point-sur-la-chloroquine\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture de <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Un Point sur la chloroquine<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[171,81,66],"class_list":["post-3803","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science","tag-cds","tag-science","tag-vulgarisation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Un Point sur la chloroquine &#8211; 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